Domain Name System (DNS)
RFCs
- DNS-related RFCs
- RFC 974: Mail
Routing and the Domain System
- RFC 1034: Domain
Names - Concepts and Facilities
- RFC 1035: Domain
Names - Implementation and Specification
- RFC 1591: Domain
Name System Structure and Delegation
- RFC 2052: A
DNS RR for Specifying the Location of Services (DNS SRV)
Tutorials
Tools
- DNS server survey
- PowerDNS: access DNS
information from any data source. This includes file formats, Bind zone
files, relational databases or LDAP directories.
- zodiac,
"a DNS protocol analyzation and exploitation program"
- MyDNS: DNS server with database backend
Management
Details
There are currently 13 root domain
name servers, named a.root-servers.net through
i.root-servers.net. Currently, NSI operates the "A" root
server, which maintains the authoritative root database and replicates
changes to the other root servers on a daily basis. Reason for 13
servers
"A current name server running on a 32-bit CPU serving the root, com,
edu, gov, in-addr.arpa, mil, net and org currently weighs in at
approximately 430MB. Most of the name servers we commonly refer to as
"root name servers" carry a common set of zone files. The current sizes
of the zone files commonly served by these "root name servers" are
(sorted by increasing size):
Load of the root
servers; more statistics and
details
"[NSI] is installing multiple Sun Microsystems E-10000 and 4500
enterprise servers with the capacity to handle millions of simultaneous
transactions. 'The amount of traffic that we are getting has required
us to literally double the number of servers every six months,' said
Dave Holtzman, senior vice president of engineering at Network
Solutions. Holtzman said the company's Whois server, which holds the
names and addresses of domain name owners, gets as many as 40 million
hits a month, while the main domain root server gets as many as 3,000
hits a second." (NYT, May 7, 1999 )
The GTLD are on different servers:
; <<>> DiG 8.2 <<>> ns com.
;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 4
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 12, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 12
;; QUERY SECTION:
;; com, type = NS, class = IN
;; ANSWER SECTION:
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS I.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS B.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS D.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS E.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS F.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS J.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS K.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS M.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS G.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com. 4d18h29m6s IN NS C.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
I.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 192.36.144.133
B.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 4d15h51m32s IN A 203.181.106.5
D.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 208.206.240.5
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 198.41.0.4
E.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 207.200.81.69
F.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 198.17.208.67
J.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 210.132.100.101
K.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 213.177.194.5
A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 21h24m18s IN A 198.41.3.38
M.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 202.153.114.101
G.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 198.41.3.101
C.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 5d30m32s IN A 205.188.185.18
| mil
| 20KB
|
| root-zone
| 90KB
|
| gov
| 117KB
|
| edu
| 880KB
|
| in-addr.arpa
| 13MB
|
| net
| 19MB
|
| org
| 19MB
|
| com
| 228MB
|
(Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no, March 1, 1998)
Each top level domain also has one or more servers.
For Germany, these include:
| 193.196.32.1 | |
| 192.76.144.66 | |
| 137.39.1.3 | |
| 128.63.5.4 | |
| 192.5.25.5, | |
| 193.0.0.193 | |
| 192.36.125.2 | |
| 192.36.148.18 | |
| 128.55.128.191 | |
| 128.55.32.12 | |
- The listing of
second-level domain names no longer exists, but a listing of country codes.
- To get a zone transfer, use
nslookup
> server f.root-servers.net
> ls com. > file
However, root servers no longer allow zone transfers. A listing for .gov
and .edu is available via ftp. A stripped list shows some rather strange "4-year degree
granting US institutions" such as
root.edu
3sheep.edu
3ponts.edu
fudan.edu
- New
Domain May Unite Europe
- Internet
Labels Lose Meaning in Rush for Popular Addresses (NYT,
11/29/1999)
- The
Case for Pushing DNS, Hotnets IV, Nov. 2005
- Multiple
roots discussion paper
- In July 1997, 92% of the companies registered under the COM domain
had a "Technical Contact" in the US. (John Martin)
- As of January 2000, there were 10,008,475 com,
org, net and edu domains registered worldwide. There are another
3,344,305 country code TLDs (.uk or .de) domains registered as well.
That's about 2.2 Intenet domains per 1000 people worldwide. In the US,
the figure is 25.2 domains per 1000 people. There are 13.35 million
domain: The US has 50.0 percent, of which California has 11.5 percent,
Los Angeles (CMSA) has 5.6 percent San Francisco (CMSA) has 3.9 percent.
New York State has 4.3 percent, New York (CMSA includes NJ and CT) has
5.9 percent, Germany has 8.6 percent, The UK has 8.5 percent.
- whois -h companies.mci.net company returns the
company web page URL (RFC 2345).
- domainwatch finds all
domain names containing a particular string and lists references to the
www.domain.tld from search engines
- Internic: general whois
showing who registered the information.
- Internet Glitch Reveals System's
Pervasiveness, Vulnerability
- Free DNS
service from Granite
Canyon
- International
rules and regulations for domain name registration
- Programs to investigate DNS include host,
dnsquery and nslookup.
- The X-rated services of the Internet (obtained with host -l com |
fgrep -i sex):
SEXSUPERMARKET.com
SEXERCISE.com
SEXLIFE.com
SEXMALL.com
SEXMART.com
SEXLIVE.com
SEX.com
SEXNEWS.com
SEXTOYS.com
1STSEX.com
WEBSEX.com
SEXMAGIC.com
FANTASYSEX.com
- Names you may not want as your email address:
Registration
- Namestake: find out whether
a name has been registered and whether it is trade-marked
- Community
Colleges Step Up Fight to Use '.edu' Internet Addresses
- NTIA
white paper (June 5, 1998) suggesting the establishment of a
private, not-for-profit organization to 1) set policy for and direct
allocation of IP number blocks to regional Internet number registries;
2) oversee operation of the authoritative Internet root server system;
3) oversee policy for determining the circumstances under which new TLDs
are added to the root system; and 4) coordinate the assignment of other
Internet technical parameters as needed to maintain universal
connectivity on the Internet.
- Lame Delegation
- In the .com, .org and .net domains, it helps to get a trademark in Tunisia to
protect your domain name.
- The US domain
- Worldnic
- DNS LOC: Geo-enabling the
Domain Name System
- Casting a
Wider Net, Village Voice, April 2001 (alternative root
zones).
- Mobile
DNS: DNS-related links
- SRV records are implemented in bind
8.1.1; includes an updated resolver library which can be compiled
into applications, provide support for SRV records. list of SRV-supporting clients
- adns:
asynchronous DNS library
- librascal:
C/C++ library for asynchronous networking
- RULI: "library built on top
of an asynchronous DNS stub resolver. RULI provides an easy-to-use
interface for querying DNS SRV resource records."
- XNS: XNS (eXtensible Name
Service) is a new open protocol and open-source platform for universal
addressing, automated data exchange, and privacy control. XNS is based
on two key technologies: XML, the new global standard for
platform-independent information exchange, and web agents, a patented
new technology that automates the exchange, linking, and synchronization
of information between publishers and subscribers over digital networks.
Last updated
by Henning Schulzrinne