@TECHREPORT{E.123,
AUTHOR="International Telecommunication Union",
TITLE="Notation for national and international telephone numbers, 
e-mail addresses and web addresses",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
NUMBER="E.123",
YEAR=1988,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="telephone numbers; E.164",
ABSTRACT="The statements below apply specifically to the printing of
national and international telephone numbers on letterheads, business
cards, bills, etc. Regard has been given to the printing of existing
telephone directories standard notation for printing telephone numbers
on letterheads, directories, etc., helps to reduce subscriber
difficulties and errors.",
}

@TECHREPORT{B.13,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Terms and definitions",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="B.13",
YEAR=1988,
KEYWORDS="definitions; terms; telephony; telecommunications",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudocs/itu-t/rec/b/b13\_27579.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.24,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Multifrequency push-button signal reception",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.24",
YEAR=1988,
KEYWORDS="DTMF; signaling",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/q/q1-499/q24\_27759.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.140,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Specifications of Signalling System No. 5: Definition and
Function of Signals",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
MONTH=jan,
YEAR=1988,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="signaling; SS5",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.855,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Connection Integrity Objective for International Telephone
Service",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.855",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1988,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation is one of a set of closely related
Recommendations comprising Recommendations E.810, E.830, E.845, E.850
and E.855 concerned with the accessibility, retainability and integrity
of telecommunication services, specially telephone services.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-E.855-198811-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.845,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Connection accessibility objective for the international
telephone service",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.845",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1988,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation provides an overall end-to-end connection
accessibility (availability) objective for international switched
telephone service.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-E.845-198811-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.523,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Standard Traffic Profiles for International Traffic Streams",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.523",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1988,
KEYWORDS="traffic measurements; load; dimensioning; daily variation",
ABSTRACT="The worldwide nature of the international telephone network,
spanning as it does all possible time zones, has stimulated studies of
the traffic streams between countries in different relative time
locations. These studies have led to the development of standardized
24-hour traffic profiles which, theoretically based and verified by
measurements, would be useful for engineering purposes. For both-way
profiles, two equivalent methods of presentation are given in chart and
tabular form. In Figure 1/E.523 hour-by-hour traffic volumes are shown
in diagrammatically as percentages of the total daily traffic volume;
such percentages are particularly convenient for tariff studies. In
Table 1/E.523, hourly traffics are expressed as percentages of the busy
hour traffic, and this is convenient for engineering purposes. Time zone
differences are given in whole hours only. Directional profiles are
given in Tables 2/E.523 and 3/E.523.",
ANNOTE="With no time difference, about 10\\% of traffic is between 11 am
and 12 noon, the busy hour. (Without daily variation, traffic would be
4.2\\%/hour.)",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/e/e523.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.733,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Methods for dimensioning resources in Signalling System No. 7
networks",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.733",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1988,
KEYWORDS="signaling; SS7; delay",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation describes the methods for dimensioning
resources in Signalling System No. 7 networks. It defines the reference
traffic to be used for dimensioning and then describes the dimensioning
objectives and dimensioning methods for links and nodes in signalling
networks. It considers methods for dimensioning signalling links and
nodes in Signalling System No. 7 networks.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.164,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Echo suppressors",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.164",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1988,
KEYWORDS="echo suppression",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.722,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="7 kHz Audio Coding within 64 kbit/s",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.722",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1988,
KEYWORDS="G.722; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{V.22,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="1200 bits per second duplex modem standardized for use in the
general switched telephone network and on point-to-point 2-wire leased
telephone-type circuits",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="V.22",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1988,
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.764,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Voice packetization - Packetized voice protocols",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.764",
YEAR=1990,
KEYWORDS="packet audio",
ABSTRACT="Recommendation G.764 defines a packet voice protocol for
speech packetization in permanent virtual circuit applications. The
principal application of the packetized voice protocol (PVP) is at the
primary rate and in fractional primary rate applications. The protocol
defines formats and procedures for the transport of voice information
and channel associated signalling over a wideband packet network.
Recommendation G.764 accommodates additional future types including
optional internetworking capabilities with the digital cellular radio
networking applications currently under development. The extension of
Recommendation G.764 for baseband facsimile traffic is currently under
study. Recommendation G.764 does not address performance issues.
Recommendation G.764 does not address methods for coding speech samples,
although particular recommended coding algorithms are specified in the
protocol (e.g. the algorithms in Recommendation G.726). In particular,
Recommendation G.764 allows dynamic bandwidth allocation and graceful
congestion control when the speech samples are coded with embedded
algorithms such as those specified in Recommendation G.727.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/g/g700-799/g764.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.726,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
{(ADPCM)}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.726",
MONTH=dec,
YEAR=1990,
KEYWORDS="G.726; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.727,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="5-, 4-, 3- and 2-bits/sample embedded adaptive differential pulse
code modulation {(ADPCM)}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.727",
MONTH=dec,
YEAR=1990,
KEYWORDS="G.727; audio coding; speech coding;ADPCM",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.767,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Application of the {ISDN} user part of {CCITT} Signallling System
No. 7 for international {ISDN} interconnections",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.767",
YEAR=1991,
KEYWORDS="ISUP; SS7; signalling",
ABSTRACT="ISDN international interconnections have to be realized
between non-homogeneous ISDNs that differ in terms of services
supported, national network signaling system and national access
protocol.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.723,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Telephone Network and {ISDN} Quality of Service, Network
Management and Traffic Engineering",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.723",
YEAR=1992,
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.728,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear
prediction",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.728",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1992,
KEYWORDS="G.728; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.830,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Models for the specification, evaluation and allocation of
serveability and service integrity",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.830",
MONTH=oct,
YEAR=1992,
LANGUAGE="English",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-E.830-199210-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.850,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Connection retainability objective for the international
telephone service",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.850",
MONTH=oct,
YEAR=1992,
LANGUAGE="English",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-E.850-199210-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.810,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Framework of the Recommendations on the serveability performance
and service integrity for telecommunication services",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.810",
MONTH=oct,
YEAR=1992,
LANGUAGE="English",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-E.810-199210-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1201,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Principles of Intelligent Network Architecture",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1201",
MONTH=oct,
YEAR=1992,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="Intelligent Networks",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{I.250,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Integrated Services Digital Network {(ISDN)} Service Capabilities
-- Definition of Supplementary Services",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="I.250",
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="ISDN; signaling; services; call transfer (CT); call forwarding
busy (CFB); call forwarding no reply (CFNR); call forwarding
unconditional (CFU); call deflection (CD); line hunting (LH); call
waiting (CW); call hold (HOLD); completion of calls to busy subscribers
(CCBS); conference calling (CONF); three party service (3PTY); closed
user group (CUG); advice of charge (AOC)",
ABSTRACT="The purpose of this Recommendation is to define a recommended
set of supplementary services to be used in association with basic
bearer services and with basic teleservices. These definitions form the
basis for a detailed description as given in I.251 to I.257, which are
used to define the network capabilities required. Supplementary services
are described by prose definitions and descriptions and by dynamic
descriptions following the description method given in recomendation
I.130. The application for supplementary services of the attribute
technique described in Recommendation I.140 is for further study.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.167,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Acoustic echo controllers",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.167",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="The Recommendation specifies performance characteristics and
values with which AECs must comply, and methods to verify these
performances. The performances depend on the applications considered.
Particular processing techniques are indicated as guidance for possible
implementations, but are not compulsory.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-G.167-199303-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.56,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Telephone Transmission Quality Objective Measuring Apparatus:
Objective measurement of active speech level",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="P.56",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="active speech level",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.114,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union (ITU)}",
TITLE="Transmission Systems and Media, General Recommendation on the
Transmission Quality for an Entire International Telephone Connection;
One-Way Transmission Time",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.114",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="packet audio; telephony; delay; echo cancellation",
ABSTRACT="Transmission time for connections with digital segments
includes delay due to equipment processing as well as propagation delay,
such that both types of delay can be significant contributors to overall
transmission time. Guidance is especially needed for designers of
telecommunications equipment that uses signal processing, causing
increase in delay. Historically a value of 400 ms was considered a
meaningful limit for network planning purposes, where voice telephony
was the focus. This value was not originally intended as guidance to
equipment designers who, on an increasingly frequent basis, can
substantially affect the transmission time by the amount of signal
processing in their designs. ... In consideration of the above points,
the CCITT recommends the following limits for one-way transmission time
for connections with echo adequately controlled according to
recommendation G.131: 0 to 150 ms: acceptable to most users; 150 to 400
ms: acceptable provided that Administrations are aware of the
transmission time impact on the transmission quality of user
applications.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.261,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Video codec for audiovisual services at px64 kbit/s",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.261",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="H.261; video coding; video compression",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.50,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Telephone Transmission Quality Objective Measuring Apparatus:
Artificial Voices",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva",
NUMBER="P.50",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="audio; telephony; signal processing; speech model",
ABSTRACT="The signal here described reproduces the characteristics of
human speech for the purposes of characterizing linear and nonlinear
telecommunication systems and devices, which are intended for the
transduction or transmission of speech. It is known that for some
purposes, such as objective loudness rating measurements, more simple
signals can be used as well. Examples of such signals are pink noise or
spectrum-shaped Gaussian noise, which nevertheless cannot be referred to
as ``artificial voice'' for the purpose of this Recommendation. The
artificial voice is a signal that is mathematically defined and that
reproduces the time and spectral characteristics of speech which
signifcantly affect the performance of telecommunication systems. Two
kinds of artificial voice are defined, reproducing respectively the
spectral characteristics of female and male speech. The following time
and spectral characteristics of real speech are reproduced by the
artificial voice: long-term average spectrum, short-term spectrum,
instantaneous amplitude distribution, voice and unvoiced structure of
speech waveform, syllabic envelope.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.52,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Telephone Transmission Quality Objective Measuring Apparatus:
Volume Meters",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva",
NUMBER="P.52",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="VU meter; peak meter; loudness; telephony",
ABSTRACT="Table 1 gives the principal characteristics of various
measuring devices used for monitoring the volume or peak values during
telephone conversations or sound-programme transmissions.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.59,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Telephone Transmission Quality Objective Measuring Apparatus:
Artificial Conversational Speech",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva",
NUMBER="P.59",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="packet audio; talkspurt; silence periods; voice model; traffic
model; on-off source; silence detector",
ABSTRACT="The signal described here reproduces the temporal
characteristics of human conversational speech for characterizing speech
processing systems which have speech detectors, such as loudspeaker
telephones, echo control devices, digital circuit multiplication
equipment (DCME), packet systems, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
systems. This signal reflects parameters of human conversation such as
the length of the talk spurt, pause, double talk, and mutual silence.
The following chapters describe these characteristics and a method of
generating artificial conversational speech.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.700,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Introduction to {CCITT} Signalling System No. 7",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.700",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="ISUP; SS7; signaling",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation provides an overview of the Signalling
System by describing the various functional elements of CCITT Signalling
System No. 7 (SS No. 7) and the relationship between these functional
elements. This Recommendation provides a general description of
functions and capabilities of the Message Transfer Part (MTP),
Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP), Telephone User Part, ISDN
User Part (ISUP), Transaction Capabilities (TC), and the Operations,
Maintenance and Administration Part (OMAP) which are covered elsewhere
in the Q.7xx-Series Recommendations. (This includes Recommendations
Q.700 to Q.787.) However, in the case of contradiction between a
particular specification and Recommendation Q.700, the particular
specification shall apply.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/q/q500-999/q700.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.706,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Message transfer part signalling performance",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.706",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="MTP; SS7; signaling; performance",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.725,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Signalling performance in the telephone application",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.725",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="signaling; performance",
ABSTRACT="This recommendation gives the requirements of the telephone
application of Signaling System No. 7 (SS No. 7).",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.735.3,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Stage 3 description for community of interest supplementary
services using Signalling System No. 7: Multi-level precedence and
preemption",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.735.3",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
KEYWORDS="priority; MLPP",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.931,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 1 {(DSS} 1) - {ISDN}
user-network interface layer 3 specification for basic call control",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.931",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="signaling; call control; telephony",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudocs/itu-t/rec/q/q500-999/q931\_24961.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1200,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Q-series Intelligent Network Recommendation Structure",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1200",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="IN; intelligent network",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1211,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="General Recommendations on Telephone Switching and Signaling --
Intelligent Network: Introduction to Intelligent Network Capability Set
1",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1211",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="Intelligent network; signaling; abbreviated dialing (ABD);
account card calling (ACC); automatic alternative billing (AAB); call
distribution (CD); call forwarding (CF); call rerouting distribution
(CRD); completion of calls to busy subscribers (CCBS); conference
calling (CON); credit card calling (CCC); destination call routing
(DCR); follow-me diversion (FMD); freephone (FPH); malicious call
identification (MCI); mass calling (MAS); originating call screening
(OCS); premium rate (PRM); security screening (SEC); selective call
forwarding on busy/don't answer (SCF); split charging (SPL); televoting
(VOT); terminating call screening (TCS); universal access number (UAN);
universal personal telecommunications (UPT); user-defined routing (UDR);
virtual private network (VPN)",
ABSTRACT="Intelligent network capability set 1 is the first standardized
stage of the intelligent network (IN) as an architectural concept for
the creation and provision of telecommunications services. This
Recommendation gives an introduction to capability set 1 (CS-1) by
providing an overview and definition of CS-1 and by describing its main
characteristics and overal capabilities.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1204,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Intelligent Network Distributed Functional Plane Architecture",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1204",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="Intelligent Networks; Distributed Functional Plane; DFP",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation defines a general intelligent network (IN)
distributed functional plane (DFP) architecture within the overall
framework of the IN conceptual model described in Recommendation
I.312/Q.1201. As such, this Recommendation provides the basis for
developing the Q.12x4 Recommendations to specify the IN DFP for a given
capability set x (CS-x).

This Recommendation provides the basis for Q.12x4 Recommendations by: -
defining the IN DFP architecture in terms of groupings of functionality,
referred to as functional entities, and the information that flows
between functional entities, referred to as relationships; - identifying
study subjects for the modelling of functional entities related to
IN-supported call/service logic processing to determine the nature of
the relationships between them; and - providing tools for the modelling
of functional entities in a manner consistent with IN objectives, as
appropriate for a given CS.

While the IN DFP architecture and modelling tools in this Recommendation
have proven extremely useful in processing IN standardization, they do
not necessarily represent an ultimate view of IN evolution. As such,
this Recommendation represents a current understanding that may require
future enhancements as the ultimate view of IN is refined.

Within the Q.120x-Series Recommendations, this Recommendation describes
the distribution of global functional plane functionality defined in
Recommendation I.329/Q.1203 (i.e. service independent building blocks)
in a service and vendor/implementation independent manner. This provides
the flexibility to allocate distributed functionality into multiple
physical network configurations, as described in Recommendation Q.1205,
and to evolve IN from an initial CS (e.g. CS-1) to some future CS-n. It
also provides a framework from which IN protocols are specified, as
described in Recommendation Q.1208.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1205,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Intelligent Network Physical Plane Architecture",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1205",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1993,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="Intelligent Networks; Physical Plane",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation describes the physical plane of the
general IN architecture. The physical plane identifies different
physical entities (PEs), the allocation of functional entities to PEs,
and the interfaces between the PEs.

Companion Recommendations include the Q.120x- and Q.121x-Series
Recommendations, especially Recommendation Q.1215 which describes the
physical plane for IN capability set 1.

The text in this Recommendation is considered to be stable.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.761,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Functional description of the {ISDN} user part of signalling
system no. 7.",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.761",
YEAR=1994,
KEYWORDS="ISUP; SS7; signalling",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.180s2,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Various Tones used in National Networks",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Supplement 2 to Reco",
MONTH=jan,
YEAR=1994,
KEYWORDS="tones; telephone",
ABSTRACT="Describes call progress tones used in various administrations,
including dial tone, busy tone, ringback tone.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1218,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Intelligent Network Interfaces",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1218",
YEAR=1995,
KEYWORDS="IN; intelligent network",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.161,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and
other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone
network",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.161",
MONTH=may,
YEAR=1995,
ABSTRACT="Shows keypad and rotary dial layouts.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.830,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Subjective performance assessment of telephone-band and wideband
digital codecs",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="P.830",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1996,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="This revised Recommendation describes methods and procedures
for conducting subjective performance evaluations of digital speech
codecs. Revisions encompassed by this version of the Recommendation are
to include new information that reflects current practices in subjective
evaluation of digital codecs, including an expanded section on creating
source recordings and addition of two annexes. One annex describes an
implementation of a PCM codec (A-/$mu$-law) that generates one
quantization distortion unit (qdu) of distortion to input signals. The
other new annex describes the Modified IRS transmit and receive
characteristics. These characteristics are recommended as the transmit
and receive responses to be used in situations where the codec being
tested is intended for use in fully digital circuits.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-P.830-199602-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.723.1,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting
at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.723.1",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="G.723.1; audio coding; speech coding",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/g/g700-799/g723-1.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.729,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure
algebraic-code-excited linear-prediction",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.729",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="G.729; audio coding; speech coding",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/g/g700-799/g729\_32350.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.121,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Pictograms, symbols and icons to assist users of the telephone
service",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.121",
MONTH=jul,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="telephone system; handset",
ABSTRACT="The purpose of this Recommendation is to identify pictograms,
symbols and icons that could be used to aid users in the identification
of services available and then in the use of such services. The
revisions to this Recommendation include new symbols and pictograms,
developed in close cooperation with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC).",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{T.30,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Procedures for Document Facsimile Transmission in the General
Switched Telephone Network",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="T.30",
MONTH=jul,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="fax",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation defines the procedures used by Group 3
facsimile terminals as defined in Recommendation T.4. These procedures
enable documents to be transmitted on the general switched telephone
network, international leased circuits and the Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN). Further, these procedures allow communication to
be manual or automatic and for document transmission to be requested
alternatively with telephone conversation.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/t/t30.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{T.33,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Facsimile routing utilizing the Subaddress",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="T.33",
MONTH=jul,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="Fax; routing",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-T.33-199607-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{T.120,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Data protocols for multimedia conferencing",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="T.120",
MONTH=jul,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="multimedia conferencing; data sharing",
ABSTRACT="The T.120-Series of Recommendations collectively define a
multipoint data communication service for use in multimedia conferencing
environments. The purpose of this Recommendation is to provide an
introduction and guide to the T.120-Series. This Recommendation defines
the T.120 architectural model and shows the interrelationships between
the constituent Recommendations. Each Recommendation in the Series is
outlined and the requirements for T.120 compliance are specified.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.800,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Methods for subjective determination of transmission quality",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="P.800",
MONTH=aug,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="quality of service",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{V.25,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Automatic answering equipment and general procedures for
automatic calling equipment on the general switched telephone network
including procedures for disabling of echo control devices for both
manually and automatically established calls",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="V.25",
MONTH=oct,
YEAR=1996,
ABSTRACT="This recommendation is concerned with the setting-up of data
connections when Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) comprising
automatic answering equipment is used over international circuits.
Automatic calling procedures are defined in Recommendation V.25bis and
V.25ter.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/v/v25.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.729a,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure
algebraic-code-excited linear-prediction Annex {A:} Reduced Complexity 8
kbit/s {CS-ACELP} speech codec",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.729A",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="G.729; G.729A; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.729b,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure
algebraic-code-excited linear-prediction Annex {B:} A silence
compression scheme for {G.729} optimized for terminals conforming to
Recommendation {V.70}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.729B",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="G.729; G.729B; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.225.0,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Media stream packetization and synchronization on non-guaranteed
quality of service {LANs}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.225.0",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1996,
KEYWORDS="H.323; packet audio; packet video; teleconferencing; Internet
telephony; signaling; RAS; RTP",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation covers the technical requirements for
narrow-band visual telephone services defined in H.200/AV.120-Series
Recommendations, in those situations where the transmission path
includes one or more Local Area Networks (LANs), each of which is
configured and managed to provide a non-guaranteed Quality of Service
(QOS) which is not equivalent to that of N-ISDN such that additional
protection or recovery mechanisms beyond those mandated by
Recommendation H.320 need be provided in the terminals. It is noted that
Recommendation H.322 addresses the use of some other LANs whichare able
to provide the underlying performance not assumed by the H.323/H.225.0
Recommendations. This Recommendation describes how audio, video, data,
and control information on a non-guaranteed quality of service LAN can
be managed to provide conversational services in H.323 equipment.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Neth97:COM,
AUTHOR="K. P.N. the Netherlands",
TITLE="{{COM} {12-20-E},} Improvement of the {{P.861}} Perceptual Speech
Quality Measure",
TYPE="Contributions",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="COM 12-20-E",
YEAR=1997,
LANGUAGE="English",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.164,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="The international public telecommunication numbering plan",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.164",
MONTH=may,
YEAR=1997,
KEYWORDS="numbering; telephone number; PSTN",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation provides the number structure and
functionality for the three categories of numbers used for international
public telecommunication - they are geographic areas, global services
and Networks. For each of the categories, it details the components of
the numbering structure and the digit analysis required to successfully
route the calls. Annex A provides additional information on the
structure and function of E.164 numbers. Annex B provides information on
network identification, service parameters, calling/connected line
identity, dialling procedures and addressing for geographic-based ISDN
calls. Specific E.164-based applications which differ in usage are
defined in separate Recommendations.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.450.3,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Call Diversion Supplementary Service for {H.323}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.450.3",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1997,
KEYWORDS="call forwarding; Internet telephony; H.323; signaling",
ABSTRACT="Recommendation H.450.3 describes the procedures and the
signalling protocol for the call diversion supplementary services
(SS-DIV) in H.323 (Packet Based Multimedia Communications Systems)
networks. This recommendation comprises the services call forwarding
unconditional (SS-CFU), call forwarding busy (SS-CFB), call forwarding
no reply (SS-CFNR) and call deflection (SS-CD). SS-CFU, SS-CFB, SS-CFNR
and SS-CD are supplementary services which apply during call
establishment providing a diversion of an incoming call to another
destination endpoint. The procedures and the signaling protocol of this
recommendation are derived from the call diversion supplementary service
specified in ISO/IEC 13872 and 13873.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1221,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Introduction to Intelligent Network Capability Set 2",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1221",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1997,
KEYWORDS="IN; intelligent network; service; feature; service feature;
benchmark; mobility",
ABSTRACT="Intelligent Network Capability Set 2 (IN CS-2) is the second
standardized stage of the Intelligent Network (IN) as an architectural
concept for the creation and provision of services, including
telecommunication services, service management services and service
creation services. This Recommendation gives an introduction to IN CS-2.
It describes the main characteristics and overall capabilities of IN
CS-2 and defines the service aspects, network aspects and functional
relationships that form the basis of the IN CS-2 capabilities. This
Recommendation is the first in the Q.122x-Series of Recommendations
devoted to IN CS-2, which builds on the architectural principles of IN
as described in the Q.121x- and the Q.120x-Series of Recommendations.
The IN CS-2 Recommendations form a detailed and stable basis for
implementing IN CS-2 telecommunication services. They also provide
high-level guidelines for supporting service management services,
service creation services and some partially supported telecommunication
services. The IN CS-2 Recommendations are intended to give the same
degree of technical information as the IN CS-1 Recommendations (1995).",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/q/q1000up/q1221.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{X.680,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Abstract Syntax Notation One {(ASN.1):} Specification of basic
notation",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="X.680",
MONTH=dec,
YEAR=1997,
KEYWORDS="ASN.1; presentation layer",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation/International Standard provides a notation
called Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) for defining the syntax of
information data. It defines a number of simple data types and specifies
a notation for referencing these types and for specifying values of
these types. The ASN.1 notations can be applied whenever it is necessary
to define the abstract syntax of information without constraining in any
way how the information is encoded for transmission. It is particularly,
but not exclusively, applicable to application layer protocols.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{X.690,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="{ASN.1} encoding rules - Specification of Basic Encoding Rules
{(BER),} Canonical Encoding Rules {(CER)} and Distinguished Encoding
Rules {(DER)}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="X.690",
MONTH=dec,
YEAR=1997,
KEYWORDS="ASN.1; encoding rules; presentation layer",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation/International Standard defines a set of
Basic Encoding Rules (BER) that may be applied to values of types
defined using the ASN.1 notation. Application of these encoding rules
produces a transfer syntax for such values. It is implicit in the
specification of these encoding rules that they are also used for
decoding. This Recommendation | International Standard defines also a
set of Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) and a set of Canonical
Encoding Rules (CER) both of which provide constraints on the Basic
Encoding Rules (BER). The key difference between them is that DER uses
the definite length form of encoding while CER uses the indefinite
length form. DER is more suitable for the small encoded values, while
CER is more suitable for the large ones. It is implicit in the
specification of these encoding rules that they are also used for
decoding.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{X.691,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="{ASN.1} encoding rules - Specification of Packed Encoding Rules
{(PER)}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="X.691",
MONTH=dec,
YEAR=1997,
KEYWORDS="ASN.1; encoding rules; presentation layer",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation and International Standard describes a set
of encoding rules that can be applied to values of all ASN.1 types to
achieve a more compact representation than that achieved by the Basic
Encoding Rules and its derivatives (described in ITU-T Rec. X.690 and
ISO/IEC 8825-1).",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.861,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Objective quality measurement of telephone-band (300-3400 Hz)
speech codecs",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="P.861",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation describes an objective method for
estimating the subjective quality of telephone-band (300-3400 Hz) speech
codecs. This Recommendation specifies the production of source speech
for objective quality measurement, codec and reference conditions for
which the objective quality measurement method has been shown to provide
valid results, the calculation of objective quality based on the
objective quality measure called the Perceptual Speech Quality Measure
(PSQM), the estimation of the subjective quality from the objective
measurement results and an analysis of the results. This Recommendation
can be applied when evaluating the effects on subjective quality of
speech codecs of speech input levels, talkers, bit rates and
transcodings.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-P.861",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.235,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Security and encryption for H-Series {(H.323} and other
H.245-based) multimedia terminals",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.235",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="H.323; signaling; Internet telephony; teleconferencing;
negotiation;security",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.245,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Control protocol for multimedia communication",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.245",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="H.323; signaling; Internet telephony; teleconferencing;
negotiation",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation specifies syntax and semantics of terminal
information messages as well as procedures to use them for in-band
negotiation at the start of or during communication. The messages cover
receiving and transmitting capabilities as well as mode preference from
the receiving end, logical channel signalling, and Control and
Indication. Acknowledged signalling procedures are specified to ensure
reliable audiovisual and data communication.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.246,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Interworking of H-Series multimedia terminals with H-Series
multimedia terminals and voice/voiceband terminals on {GSTN} and
{ISDN}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.246",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="H.323; signaling; Internet telephony; teleconferencing;
interworking",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.263,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Video coding for low bit rate communication",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.263",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="H.263; video coding; video compression",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.324,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Terminal for low bit-rate multimedia communication",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.324",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="PSTN; conferencing; multimedia",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.450.1,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Generic functional protocol for the support of supplementary
services in {H.323}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.450.1",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="H.323; signaling; Internet telephony; teleconferencing;
supplementary services",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.323v2,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Packet based multimedia communication systems",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.323",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="multimedia conferencing; packet audio; packet video;
conference control; signaling",
ABSTRACT="Recommendation H.323 describes terminals, equipment, and
services for multimedia communication over local area networks (LANs)
which do not provide a guaranteed quality of service. H.323 terminals
and equipment may carry real-time voice, data and video, or any
combination, including videotelephony. The LAN over which H.323
terminals communicate may be a single segment or ring or it may be
multiple segments with complex topologies. It should be noted that
operation of H.323 over the multiple LAN segments (including the
Internet) may result in poor performance. The possible means by which
quality of service might be assured on such types of LANs and
internetworks is beyond the scope of this recommendation. H.323
terminals may be integrated into personal computers or implemented in
stand-alone devices such a videotelephones. Support for voice is
mandatory, while data and video are optional, but if supported, the
ability to use a common mode of operation is required, so that all
terminals supporting that media type can interwork. H.323 allows more
than one channel of each type to be in use. Other recommendations in the
H.323 series include H.225.0 packet and synchronization, H.245 control,
H.261 and H.263 video codecs, G.711, G.722, G.728, G.729, and G.723
audio codecs, and the T.120 series of multimedia communication
protocols. H.323 makes use of the logical channel signaling procedures
of H.245, in which the content of each logical channel is described when
the channel is opened. Procedures are provided for expression of
receiver and transmitter capabilities, so transmissions are limited to
what receivers can decode, and so that receivers may request a
particular desired mode from the transmitters. Since the procedures of
H.245 are also used in Recommendation H.310 for ATM networks,
Recommendation H.324 for GSTN, and V.70, interworking with these systems
should not require H.242 to H.245 translation as would be the case for
H.320 systems. H.323 terminals may be used in multipoint configurations
and may interwork with H.310 terminals on B-ISDN, H.320 terminals on
N-ISDN, H.321 terminals on B-BISDN, H.322 terminals on Guaranteed
Quality of Service LANs, H.324 terminals on GSTN and wireless networks,
and V.70 terminals on GSTN.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{T.124,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Generic conference control",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="T.124",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="conference control; floor control",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{T.128,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Multipoint application sharing",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="T.128",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="application sharing",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation defines a protocol that supports
multipoint application sharing. The T.128 protocol supports multipoint
computer application sharing by allowing a view onto a computer
application executing at one site to be advertised within a session to
other sites. Each site can, under specified conditions, take control of
the shared computer application by sending remote keyboard and pointing
device information. This style of application sharing does not require
and does not make provision for synchronizing multiple instances of the
same computer application running at multiple sites. Instead, it enables
remote viewing and control of a single application instance to provide
the illusion that the application is running locally. This
Recommendation uses services provided by Recommendations T.122 (MCS) and
T.124 (GCC).",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{V.8,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Procedures for starting sessions of data transmission over the
public switched telephone network",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="V.8",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="modem control; signaling; data transmission; echo
suppression",
ABSTRACT="This recommendation defines signals to be exchanged between
DCEs over the PSTN when a session of data transmission needs to be
established, but before signals are exchanged which are specific to a
particular modem recommendation. It provides means to automatically
determine the best available operational mode between two DCEs connected
via the PSTN, provides a timely indication to Circuit Multiplication
Equipments on the V-Series modulation to be employed in a new session of
data transmission, provides a means to enable a PSTN call to be passed
on automatically to an appropriate DCE, and provides signals for
interacting with PSTN echo-control equipment.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/v/v8.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{V.34,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="A modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 33 600 bit/s
for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased
point-to-point 2-wire telephone-type circuits",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="V.34",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="modem",
ABSTRACT="This modem is intended for use on connections on General
Switched Telephone Networks (GSTNs) and on point-to-point 2-wire leased
telephone-type circuits. The principal characteristics of the modem are
as follows: duplex and half-duplex modes of operation on GSTN and
point-to-point 2-wire leased circuits; channel separation by echo
cancellation techniques; Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) for each
channel with synchronous line transmission at selectable symbol rates
including the mandatory rates of 2400, 3000, and 3200 symbols/s and the
optional rates of 2743, 2800 and 3429 symbols/s.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/v/v34.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.182,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Application of tones and recorded announcements in telephone
services",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.182",
MONTH=mar,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling; tones; announcements; busy tone; ringback tone;
dial tone; special information tone",
ABSTRACT="This recommendation states some provisions and conditions for
the applicability of tones and recorded announcements for user
information.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{T.38,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Procedures for real-time Group 3 facsimile communication over
{IP} networks",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="T.38",
MONTH=jun,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="fax; fax-over-IP",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation describes the technical features necessary
to transfer facsimile documents in real-time between two standard Group
3 facsimile terminals over the Internet or other networks using IP
protocols. This Recommendation allows the use of either TCP or UDP
depending on the service environment.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.729d,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure
algebraic-code-excited linear-prediction Annex {D:} 6.4 kbit/s
{CS-ACELP} speech coding algorithm",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.729D",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="G.729; G.729D; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.729e,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure
algebraic-code-excited linear-prediction Annex {E:} 11.8 kbit/s
{CS-ACELP} speech coding algorithm",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.729E",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="G.729; G.729E; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.323E,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="{H.323} Annex {E:} Call Signalling over {UDP}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.323E",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1998,
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.332,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="{H.323} extended for loosely coupled conferences",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.332",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="SDP; conferencing; packet audio; packet video; multicast",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation describes terminals, equipment, and
services for multimedia communication over packet-based networks. H.332
terminals and equipment may carry real-time voice, data, and video in
any combination. The goal is to work within the framework of
Recommendation H.323, yet provide scalability well beyond the limits of
Recommendation H.323 to enable applications involving hundreds and
thousands of participants. H.332 terminals may be integrated into
personal computers or implemented in stand-alone devices such as
videotelephones. Support for voice is mandatory, while data and video
are optional, but if supported, the ability to use a specified common
mode of operation is required, so that all terminals supporting that
media type can interwork. Like Recommendation H.323, this Recommendation
allows more than one channel of each type to be in use. Other
Recommendations in the H.332 series include H.323 visual telephone
equipment for Local Area Networks, H.225.0 packet and synchronization,
H.245 control, H.261 and H.263 video codecs, G.711, G.722, G.728, G.729,
and G.723.1 audio codecs, and the T.120 series of multimedia
communications protocols. H.332 terminals are based on Recommendation
H.323; therefore, they interwork via gateways with H.310 terminals on
B-ISDN, H.320 terminals on N-ISDN, H.321 terminals on B-ISDN, H.322
terminals on Guaranteed Quality of Service LANs, H.324 terminals on GSTN
and wireless networks, and V.70 terminals on GSTN.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{V.8bis,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Procedures for the identification and selection of common modes
of operation between Data Circuit-terminating Equipments (DCEs) and
between Data Terminal Equipments (DTEs) over the public switched
telephone network and on leased point-to-point telephone-t",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="V.8bis",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="DCE; modem; echo canceller",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation defines signals, messages and the
procedures for exchanging these over the PSTN and on leased
point-to-point telephone-type circuits, for the identification and
selection of common modes of operation between Data Circuit-terminating
Equipments (DCEs) and Data Terminal Equipments (DTEs). These are used
when the modes of operation of DCEs and DTEs communicating over the
connection need to be automatically established and selected, but before
signals are exchanged which are specific to a particular Recommendation.
Considerations are included for the standard analogue telephony mode of
operation.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/v/v8bis.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.711,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Pulse Code Modulation {(PCM)} of Voice Frequencies",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.711",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="G.711; audio coding; speech coding",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.140,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Specifications for Signaling System No. 5 -- Definitions and
Function of Signals",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.140",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling; SS5; MF",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.151,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Specifications for Signaling System No. 5 -- Signal code for
register signaling",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.151",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling; SS5; MF",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.311,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="2600 Hz line signaling",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.311",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.400,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Specifications of Signalling System {R2} -- Forward line
signals",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.400",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling; R2",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.411,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Specifications of Signalling System {R2} -- Line signalling
code",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.411",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling; R2",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.421,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Specifications of Signalling System {R2} -- Digital line
signalling code",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.421",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling; R2",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.440,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Specifications of Signalling System {R2} -- General",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.440",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="signaling; R2",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.107,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="The E-model, a computational model for use in transmission
planning",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.107",
MONTH=dec,
YEAR=1998,
KEYWORDS="audio; quality of service; conversational quality; end-to-end
transmission performance; impairment factors; transmission planning;
transmission quality; transmission rating factor; transmission rating
model; voice transmission quality mouth-to-ear",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation gives the algorithm for the so-called
E-model as the common ITU-T Transmission Rating Model. This
computational model can be useful to transmission planners, to help
ensure that users will be satisfied with end-to-end transmission
performance. The primary output of the model is a scalar rating of
transmission quality. A major feature of this model is the use of
transmission impairment factors that reflect the effect of modern signal
processing devices.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/g/g100-699/g107.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{I.366.2,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="{AAL} Type 2 service specific convergence sublayer for trunking",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="I.366.2",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=1999,
URL="http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/approved/i/i366-2.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{E.721,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Network grade of service parameters and target values for
circuit-switched services in the evolving {ISDN}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="E.721",
MONTH=may,
YEAR=1999,
KEYWORDS="signaling; call setup delay; telephony",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation provides network Grade of Service (GOS)
parameters for circuit-switched services in ISDN, based on the ISDN
Grade of Service concept and guidelines for selecting GOS parameters
provided in Recommendation E.720. The parameter values assume that the
network and the components are fully operational and take account of the
evolving nature of the ISDN and Signalling System No. 7 capabilities.",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.320,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.320",
MONTH=may,
YEAR=1999,
KEYWORDS="ISDN; video conferencing",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation specifies technical requirements for
narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically
for videoconferencing and videophone services. It describes a generic
system configuration consisting of a number of elements which are
specified by respective ITU-T Recommendations, definition of
communication modes and terminal types, call control arrangements,
terminal aspects and interworking requirements. This revision reflects
the progress in relevant H-Series Recommendations such as G.723.1,
G.729, H.262, H.263, H.310, H.322, H.323 and H.324.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itu-t/rec/h/h320.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.450.6,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Call waiting supplementary service for {H.323}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.450.6",
MONTH=may,
YEAR=1999,
KEYWORDS="call services; call waiting; Internet telephony; H.323",
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.708,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Sub {STM-0} network node interface for the synchronous digital
hierarchy {(SDH)}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.708",
MONTH=jun,
YEAR=1999,
KEYWORDS="SONET; SDH",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation is an extension of Recommendation G.707.
It provides the requirements for the sub STM-0 signals at the Network
Node Interface of a synchronous digital network in terms of: bit rates;
frames structures; formats for mapping and multiplexing elements;
functionalities of the overheads.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/itu-t/rec/g/g700-799/g708.html",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.108,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Application of the {E}-model: A planning guide",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.108",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1999,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="The intent of this Recommendation is to demonstrate how the
E-Model (described in Recommendation G.107) can be used in end-to-end
transmission planning for a wide range of networks  local, national,
multinational and transcontinental.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-G.108-199909-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.722.1,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Coding at 24 and 32 kbit/s for hands-free operation in systems
with low frame loss",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
NUMBER="G.722.1",
MONTH=sep,
YEAR=1999,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="audio coding; wideband audio",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-G.722.1",
}

@TECHREPORT{Q.1901,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Bearer Independent Call Control Protocol",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="Q.1901",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=2000,
KEYWORDS="BICC;ISUP",
}

@TECHREPORT{P.340,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Transmission characteristics of hands-free telephones",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="P.340",
MONTH=may,
YEAR=2000,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="This Recommendation defines the generic transmission
characteristics of hands-free terminals, whatever the applications or
technologies integrated. In addition to the parameters that ensure
performance levels equivalent to these of handset terminals (sensitivity
values, response curves, etc.), it defines the parameters which have a
bearing on conversation quality (gain switching characteristics,
double-talk performances,etc.). It also defines categories of hands-free
terminals based on the terminals double-talk capability. This
Recommendation deals with the characteristics of the signal-processing
equipment (e.g. acoustic echo cancellation (AEC)) that can be
incorporated in hands-free terminals.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-P.340-200005-I",
}

@TECHREPORT{H.323v4,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Packet based multimedia communication systems",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="H.323",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=2000,
KEYWORDS="multimedia conferencing; packet audio; packet video;
conference control; signaling",
ABSTRACT="Recommendation H.323 describes terminals, equipment, and
services for multimedia communication over local area networks (LANs)
which do not provide a guaranteed quality of service. H.323 terminals
and equipment may carry real-time voice, data and video, or any
combination, including videotelephony. The LAN over which H.323
terminals communicate may be a single segment or ring or it may be
multiple segments with complex topologies. It should be noted that
operation of H.323 over the multiple LAN segments (including the
Internet) may result in poor performance. The possible means by which
quality of service might be assured on such types of LANs and
internetworks is beyond the scope of this recommendation. H.323
terminals may be integrated into personal computers or implemented in
stand-alone devices such a videotelephones. Support for voice is
mandatory, while data and video are optional, but if supported, the
ability to use a common mode of operation is required, so that all
terminals supporting that media type can interwork. H.323 allows more
than one channel of each type to be in use. Other recommendations in the
H.323 series include H.225.0 packet and synchronization, H.245 control,
H.261 and H.263 video codecs, G.711, G.722, G.728, G.729, and G.723
audio codecs, and the T.120 series of multimedia communication
protocols. H.323 makes use of the logical channel signaling procedures
of H.245, in which the content of each logical channel is described when
the channel is opened. Procedures are provided for expression of
receiver and transmitter capabilities, so transmissions are limited to
what receivers can decode, and so that receivers may request a
particular desired mode from the transmitters. Since the procedures of
H.245 are also used in Recommendation H.310 for ATM networks,
Recommendation H.324 for GSTN, and V.70, interworking with these systems
should not require H.242 to H.245 translation as would be the case for
H.320 systems. H.323 terminals may be used in multipoint configurations
and may interwork with H.310 terminals on B-ISDN, H.320 terminals on
N-ISDN, H.321 terminals on B-BISDN, H.322 terminals on Guaranteed
Quality of Service LANs, H.324 terminals on GSTN and wireless networks,
and V.70 terminals on GSTN.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/",
}

@TECHREPORT{V.18,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Operational and interworking requirements for {DCEs} operating in
the text telephone mode",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="V.18",
MONTH=nov,
YEAR=2000,
URL="http://www.itu.int",
}

@TECHREPORT{Inte0102:Perceptual,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Perceptual evaluation of speech quality {({PESQ}),} an objective
method for end-to-end speech quality assessment of narrowband telephone
networks and speech codecs",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
MONTH=feb,
YEAR=2001,
LANGUAGE="English",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.722.2,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Wideband coding of speech at around 16 kbit/s using Adaptive
Multi-rate Wideband {(AMR-WB)}",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="International Telecommunication Union",
MONTH=jan,
YEAR=2002,
LANGUAGE="English",
KEYWORDS="packet audio; speech coding; wideband audio",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-G.722.2",
}

@TECHREPORT{G.168,
AUTHOR="{International Telecommunication Union}",
TITLE="Digital network echo cancellers",
TYPE="Recommendation",
INSTITUTION="Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU",
ADDRESS="Geneva, Switzerland",
NUMBER="G.168",
MONTH=jun,
YEAR=2002,
LANGUAGE="English",
ABSTRACT="Echo has a major effect on voice quality in telecommunication
networks.  The objectionable effect of echo results from a combination
of reflections from network components such as 2-to-4 wire converters,
together with signal processing and transmission delay.  Echo may cause
users difficulty in talking or listening over a telephone connection. It
may also affect the transmission of voiceband data, fax and text
telephones. Digital network echo cancellers are designed to eliminate
echo for the user and to allow successful transmission of voiceband data
and fax.  This Recommendation describes the characteristics of an echo
canceller, including the requirement for in-band tone disabling and
other control mechanisms.  It also describes a number of laboratory
tests that should be performed on an echo canceller to assess its
performance under conditions likely to be experienced in the network.
This version of G.168 is a revision of the previously published version
of April 2000.  Many of the tests have been updated and improved.  A PCM
offset test has been added.  Annex A has been deleted and transferred to
clause 7. Annex C has been revised and a new double reflection echo-path
model has been added.  Appendix I has been shortened, with the planning
and interaction aspects of echo cancellers moved to other ITU-T
Recommendations.  Appendix II has also been updated with some examples
of European echo path characteristics.",
URL="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items\&lang=e\&parent=T-REC-G.168-200206-P",
}