As slight testimony my gratitude my earliest benefactor, I take liberty inscribe you this little narrative the sufferings from which I fleeing when had compassion upon me. In multitude you have succored, it is very possible you may not remember me; until I forget God myself, I can never forget
THE present Narrative first published Boston, (U.S.) July, eight thousand copies sold less than eighteen months from time its publication. This rapid sale may be attributed the circumstance, for three years preceding its publication, I had been employed as lecturing agent by American Anti-slavery Society; I thus very generally known throughout Free States the Great Republic, as one who had spent first twenty years his life as slave, her southern house bondage.
In visiting Great Britain I had two objects view. Firstly, I have been chosen as delegate by "the American Peace Committee a Congress Nations," attend Peace Convention be held Paris during last week the present month, (August, Many the most distinguished American Abolitionists considered it triumphant evidence the progress their principles, one the oppressed coloured race one who is even now, by constitution the United States, slave should have been selected this honourable office; were therefore very desirous I should attend. Secondly, I wished follow up work my friends fellow-labourers,Charles Lenox Remond Frederick Douglas, to lay before people Great Britain Ireland wrongs are still committed
upon slaves the free coloured people America. The rapid increase communication between two sides the Atlantic has brought them so close together, the personal intercourse between British people American slaveowners is now very great; the slaveholder, crafty politic, as deliberate tyrants generally rarely leaves shores Europe without attempting at least assuage prevalent hostility against his beloved "peculiar institution." The influence the Southern States America is mainly directed the maintenance propagation system slavery their own in other countries. In pursuit this object, every consideration religion, liberty, national strength, social order is made give way, hitherto they have been very successful. The actual number the slaveholders is small, their union is complete, so they form dominant oligarchy the United States. It is my desire, common with every abolitionist, diminish their influence, this can only be effected by promulgation truth, cultivation a correct public sentiment at home abroad. Slavery cannot be let alone. It is aggressive, must either be succumbed put down.
It has been suggested my narrative is somewhat deficient dates. From my total want education previous my escape from slavery, I am unable give them with much accuracy. The ignorance the American slaves is, with rare exceptions, intense; the slaveholders generally do their utmost perpetuate this mental darkness. The perpetuation slavery depends upon it. Whatever may be said the physical condition the slaves, it is undeniable if they not kept a state intellectual, religious, moral degradation, they could be retained as slaves no longer.
In conclusion, I ask attention the reader the Resolutions the coloured citizens Boston, to other documents reference myself, which will be found at end the book. Of latter, two from pen WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, faithful indefatigable friend the oppressed, whose position, as Pioneer the anti-slavery movement, has secured him more than any other American abolitionist gratitude the coloured race a world-wide reputation.
I born Lexington, Ky. The man who stole me as soon as I born, recorded births all infants which he claimed be born his property, a book which he kept that purpose. My mother's name Elizabeth. She had seven children, viz.: Solomon, Leander, Benjamin, Joseph, Millford, Elizabeth, myself. No two us children the same father. My father's name, as I learned from my mother, George Higgins. He a white man, relative my master, connected with some the first families Kentucky.
My master owned about forty slaves, twenty- five whom field hands. He removed from Kentucky Missouri when I quite young, settled thirty forty miles above St. Charles,
on Missouri, where, addition his practice as physician, he carried on milling, merchandizing farming. He had large farm, principal productions which tobacco hemp. The slave cabins situated on back part the farm, with house the overseer, whose name Grove Cook, their midst. He had entire charge the farm, having no family, allowed woman keep house him, whose business it to deal out provisions the hands.
A woman also kept at quarters do cooking the field hands, who summoned their unrequited toil every morning, at four o'clock, by ringing a bell, hung on post near house the overseer. They allowed half an hour eat their breakfast, get field. At half past four horn blown by overseer, which the signal commence work; every one was not on spot at time, had receive ten lashes from negro- whip, with which overseer always went armed. The handle about three feet long, with butt-end filled with lead, the lash, six seven feet length, made cow-hide, with platted wire
on end it. This whip put requisition very frequently freely, a small offence on part a slave furnished an occasion its use. During time Mr. Cook overseer, I a house servant situation preferable that a field hand, as I better fed, better clothed, not obliged rise at ringing the bell, about half an hour after. I have often laid heard crack the whip, the screams the slave. My mother a field hand, one morning ten fifteen minutes behind others getting into field. As soon as she reached spot where they at work, overseer commenced whipping her. She cried, "Oh! pray Oh! pray Oh! pray" these generally words slaves, when imploring mercy at hands their oppressors. I heard her voice, knew it, jumped out my bunk, went the door. Though field some distance from house, I could hear every crack the whip, every groan cry my poor mother. I remained at door, not daring venture any further. The cold chills ran over me, I wept aloud. After giving her ten lashes, sound the whip ceased, I returned
my bed, found no consolation in my tears. Experience has taught me nothing can be more heart-rending than one see dear beloved mother sister tortured, to hear their cries, not be able render them assistance. But such is position which an American slave occupies.
My master, being politician, soon found those who ready put him into office, the favors he could render them; a few years after his arrival Missouri he elected a seat the legislature. In his absence from home everything left charge Mr. Cook, overseer, he soon became more tyrannical cruel. Among slaves on plantation one by name Randall. He a man about six feet high, well-proportioned, known as man great strength power. He considered most valuable able-bodied slave on plantation; no matter how good useful slave may be, he seldom escapes lash. But it not so with Randall. He had been on plantation since my earliest recollection, I had never known his being flogged. No thanks due the master overseer
this. I have often heard him declare no white man should ever whip him he would die first.
Cook, from time he came upon plantation, had frequently declared he could would flog any nigger was put into field work under him. My master had repeatedly told him not attempt whip Randall, he determined try it. As soon as he left sole dictator, he thought time had come put his threats into execution. He soon began find fault with Randall, threatened whip him if he did not do better. One day he gave him very hard task more than he could possibly do; at night, task not being performed, he told Randall he should remember him next morning. On following morning, after hands had taken breakfast, Cook called out Randall, told him he intended whip him; ordered him cross his hands be tied. Randall asked why he wished whip him. He answered, because he had not finished his task day before. Randall said the task too great, he should have done it. Cook said it made no difference he should whip him. Randall
stood silent a moment, then said, "Mr. Cook, I have always tried please since have been on plantation, I find are determined not be satisfied with my work, let me do as well as I may. No man has laid hands on me, whip me, the last ten years, I have long since come the conclusion not be whipped by any man living." Cook, finding by Randall's determined look gestures, he would resist, called three the hands from their work, commanded them seize Randall, tie him. The hands stood still; they knew Randall they also knew him be powerful man, were afraid grapple with him. As soon as Cook had ordered men seize him, Randall turned them, said "Boys, all know me; know I can handle any three you, the man lays hands on me shall die. This white man can't whip me himself, therefore he has called to help him." The overseer unable prevail upon them seize secure Randall, finally ordered them all go their work together.
Nothing said Randall by overseer more than week. One morning, however, while
hands at work the field, he came into it, accompanied by three friends his, Thompson, Woodbridge Jones. They came up where Randall at work, Cook ordered him leave his work, go with them the barn. He refused go; whereupon he attacked by overseer his companions, when he turned upon them, laid them, one after another, prostrate on ground. Woodbridge drew out his pistol, fired at him, brought him the ground by pistol ball. The others rushed upon him with their clubs, beat him over head face, until they succeeded tying him. He then taken the barn, tied a beam. Cook gave him over one hundred lashes with heavy cow- hide, had him washed with salt water, left him tied during day. The next day he untied, taken a blacksmith's shop, had ball chain attached his leg. He compelled labor the field, perform same amount work the other hands did. When his master returned home, he much pleased find Randall had been subdued his absence.
Soon afterwards, my master removed the city St. Louis, purchased farm four miles from there, which he placed under charge an overseer by name Friend Haskell. He a regular Yankee from New England. The Yankees noted making most cruel overseers.
My mother hired out the city, I also hired out there Major Freeland, who kept public house. He formerly from Virginia, was horse-racer, cock-fighter, gambler, withal an inveterate drunkard. There ten twelve servants the house, when he present, it cut slash knock down drag out. In his fits anger, he would take up chair, throw it at servant; in his more rational moments, when he wished chastise one, he would tie them up smoke-house, whip them; after which, he would cause fire be made tobacco stems, smoke them. This he called "Virginia play."
I complained my master the treatment which I received from Major Freeland; it made no difference. He cared nothing about it, so long as he received money my labor. After living with Major Freeland five six months, I ran away, went into woods back the city; when night came on, I made my way my master's farm, was afraid be seen, knowing if Mr. Haskell, overseer, should discover me, I should be again carried back Major Freeland; so I kept the woods. One day, while the woods, I heard barking howling dogs, in short time they came so near I knew them be bloodhounds Major Benjamin O'Fallon. He kept five six, hunt runaway slaves with.
As soon as I convinced it them, I knew there no chance escape. I took refuge the top a tree, the hounds soon at its base, there remained until hunters came up a half three quarters an hour afterwards. There two men with dogs, who, as soon as they came up, ordered me descend. I came down, tied, taken St. Louis jail. Major Freeland soon made his appearance,
took me out, ordered me follow him, which I did. After we returned home, I tied up the smoke-house, was very severely whipped. After major had flogged me his satisfaction, he sent out his son Robert, young man eighteen twenty years age, see I well smoked. He made fire tobacco stems, which soon set me coughing sneezing. This, Robert told me, the way his father used do his slaves Virginia. After giving me what they conceived be decent smoking, I untied again set work.
Robert Freeland a "chip the old block." Though quite young, it not unfrequently he came home a state intoxication. He is now, I believe, popular commander a steam- boat on Mississippi river. Major Freeland soon after failed business, I put on board steamboat Missouri, which plied between St. Louis Galena. The commander the boat William B. Culver. I remained on her during sailing season, which the most pleasant time me I had ever experienced. At close navigation I hired Mr. John Colburn, keeper the Missouri Hotel. He
from one the free states; a more inveterate hater the negro I do not believe ever walked God's green earth. This hotel at time one the largest the city, there employed it twenty thirty servants, mostly slaves.
Mr. Colburn very abusive, not only the servants, to his wife also, who an excellent woman, one from whom I never knew servant receive harsh word; never did I know kind one a servant from her husband. Among slaves employed the hotel one by name Aaron, who belonged Mr. John F. Darby, lawyer. Aaron knife-cleaner. One day, one the knives put on table, not as clean as it might have been. Mr. Colburn, this offence, tied Aaron up wood-house, gave him over fifty lashes on bare back with cow-hide, after which, he made me wash him down with rum. This seemed put him into more agony than whipping. After being untied he went home his master, complained the treatment which he had received. Mr. Darby would give no heed anything he had say, sent him directly back. Colburn, learning
he had been his master with complaints, tied him up again, gave him more severe whipping than before. The poor fellow's back literally cut pieces; so much so, he not able work ten twelve days.
There also, among servants, girl whose master resided country. Her name Patsey. Mr. Colburn tied her up one evening, whipped her until several the boarders came out begged him desist. The reason whipping her this. She engaged be married a man belonging Major William Christy, who resided four five miles north city. Mr. Colburn had forbid her see John Christy. The reason this said be regard which he himself had Patsey. She went meeting evening, John returned home with her. Mr. Colburn had intended flog John, if he came within inclosure; John knew too well temper his rival, kept at safe distance: so he took vengeance on poor girl. If all slave-drivers had been called together, I do not think more cruel man than John Colburn he too northern man could have been found among them.
While living at Missouri hotel, circumstance occurred which caused me great unhappiness. My master sold my mother, all her children, except myself. They sold different persons the city St. Louis.
I WAS soon after taken from Mr. Colburn's, hired Elijah P. Lovejoy, who at time publisher editor the "St. Louis Times." My work, while with him, mainly the printing office, waiting on hands, working press, Mr. Lovejoy a very good man, decidedly best master I had ever had. I am chiefly indebted him, to my employment the printing office, what little learning I obtained while slavery.
Though slavery is thought, by some, be mild Missouri, when compared with cotton, sugar rice growing states, yet no part our slave- holding country is more noted the barbarity its inhabitants than St. Louis. It here Col. Harney, United States officer, whipped slave woman death. It here Francis McIntosh, free colored man from Pittsburg, taken from steamboat Flora burned at stake. During residence eight years this city, numerous cases extreme cruelty came
under my own observation; record them all would occupy more space than could possibly be allowed this little volume. I shall, therefore, give a few more addition what I have already related.
Capt. J. B. Brant, who resided near my master, had slave named John. He his body servant, carriage driver, &c. On one occasion, while driving his master through city streets being very muddy, the horses going at rapid rate some mud spattered upon gentleman by name Robert More. More determined be revenged. Some three four months after this occurrence, he purchased John, the express purpose, as he said, tame d d nigger." After purchase he took him a blacksmith's shop, had ball chain fastened his leg, then put him driving yoke oxen, kept him at hard labor, until iron around his leg so worn into flesh, it thought mortification would ensue. In addition this, John told me his master whipped him regularly three times week the first two months: all this "tame him." A more noble- looking man than he not be found all St.
Louis, before he fell into hands More; a more degraded spirit-crushed looking being never seen on southern plantation, after he had been subjected this "taming" process three months. The last time I saw him, he had nearly lost entire use his limbs.
While living with Mr. Lovejoy, I often sent on errands the office the "Missouri Republican," published by Mr. Edward Charless. Once, while returning the office with type, I attacked by several large boys, sons slave-holders, who pelted me with snow-balls. Having heavy form type my hands, I could not make my escape by running; so I laid down type gave them battle. They gathered around me, pelting me with stones sticks, until they overpowered me, would have captured me, if I had not resorted my heels. Upon my retreat they took possession the type; what do regain it I could not devise. Knowing Mr. Lovejoy be very humane man, I went the office laid case before him. He told me remain the office. He took one the apprentices with him went after type, soon returned with it; on his return informed me Samuel
McKinney had told him he would whip me, because I had hurt his boy. Soon after, McKinney seen making his way the office by one the printers, who informed me the fact, I made my escape through back door.
McKinney not being able find me on his arrival, left office a great rage, swearing he would whip me death. A few days after, as I walking along Main street, he seized me by collar, struck me over head five six times with large cane, which caused blood gush from my nose ears such manner my clothes completely saturated with blood. After beating me his satisfaction he let me go, I returned the office so weak from loss blood Mr. Lovejoy sent me home my master. It five weeks before I able walk again. During this time it necessary have some one supply my place at office. I lost situation.
After my recovery, I hired Capt. Otis Reynolds as waiter on board steamboat Enterprise, owned by Messrs. John Edward Walsh, commission merchants at St. Louis. This boat then running on upper Mississippi.
My employment on board to wait on gentlemen, the captain being good man, situation a pleasant one me; in passing from place place, seeing new faces every day, knowing they could go where they pleased, I soon became unhappy, several times thought leaving boat at some landing-place, trying make my escape Canada, which I had heard much about as place where slave might live, be free, be protected.
But whenever such thoughts would come into my mind, my resolution would soon be shaken by remembrance my dear mother a slave St. Louis, I could not bear idea leaving her that condition. She had often taken me upon her knee, told me how she had carried me upon her back the field when I an infant how often she had been whipped leaving her work nurse me how happy I would appear when she would take me into her arms. When these thoughts came over me, I would resolve never leave land slavery without my mother. I thought to leave her slavery, after she had undergone suffered so much me, would be proving recreant the
duty which I owed her. Besides this, I had three brothers a sister there two my brothers having died.
My mother, my brothers Joseph Millford, my sister Elizabeth, belonged Mr. Isaac Mansfield, formerly from one the free states, (Massachusetts, I believe.) He a tinner by trade, carried on large manufacturing establishment. Of all my relatives, mother first, sister next. One evening, while visiting them, I made some allusion a proposed journey Canada, sister took her seat by my side, taking my hand hers, said, with tears her eyes
"Brother, are not going leave mother your dear sister here without friend, you?"
I looked into her face, as tears coursed swiftly down her cheeks, bursting into tears myself, said
"No, I will never desert and mother!"
She clasped my hand hers, said
"Brother, have often declared you would not end your days slavery. I see no possible way which can escape with us;
now, brother, are on steamboat where there is some chance you escape a land liberty. I beseech not let us hinder If we cannot get our liberty, we do not wish be means keeping from land freedom."
I could restrain my feelings no longer, an outburst my own feelings caused her cease speaking upon subject. In opposition their wishes, I pledged myself not leave them the hand the oppressor. I took leave them, returned the boat, laid down my bunk; "sleep departed from mine eyes, slumber from mine eyelids."
A few weeks after, on our downward passage, boat took on board, at Hannibal, drove slaves, bound the New Orleans market. They numbered from fifty sixty, consisting men women from eighteen forty years age. A drove slaves on southern steamboat, bound the cotton sugar regions, is an occurrence so common, no one, not even passengers, appear notice it, though they clank their chains at every step. There however, one this gang attracted attention passengers crew. It a beautiful girl, apparently
about twenty years age, perfectly white, with straight light hair blue eyes. But it not whiteness her skin created such sensation among those who gazed upon her it her almost unparalleled beauty. She had been on boat a short time, before attention all passengers, including ladies, had been called her, the common topic conversation about beautiful slave-girl. She not chains. The man who claimed this article human merchandise a Mr. Walker well known slave-trader, residing St. Louis. There a general anxiety among passengers crew learn history the girl. Her master kept close by her side, it would have been considered impudent any the passengers have spoken her, the crew not allowed have any conversation with them. When we reached St. Louis, slaves removed a boat bound New Orleans, the history beautiful slave-girl remained mystery.
I remained on boat during season, it not an unfrequent occurrence have on board gangs slaves on their way the cotton, sugar rice plantations the south.
Toward latter part the summer Captain Reynolds left boat, I sent home. I then placed on farm, under Mr. Haskell, overseer. As I had been some time out the field, not accustomed work the burning sun, it very hard; I compelled keep up with best the hands.
I found great difference between work a steamboat cabin in corn-field.
My master, who then living the city, soon after removed farm, when I taken out the field work the house as waiter. Though his wife very peevish, hard please, I much preferred be under her control than overseer's. They brought with them Mr. Sloane, Presbyterian minister; Miss Martha Tulley, niece theirs from Kentucky; their nephew William. The latter had been the family number years, the others all new comers.
Mr. Sloane a young minister, who had been at South a short time, it seemed as if his whole aim to please slaveholders, especially my master mistress. He intending make visit during winter, he not
only tried please them, I think he succeeded admirably. When they wanted singing, he sung; when they wanted praying, he prayed; when they wanted story told, he told story. Instead his teaching my master theology, my master taught theology him. While I with Captain Reynolds my master "got religion," new laws made on plantation. Formerly we had privilege hunting, fishing, making splint brooms, baskets, &c., on Sunday; this all stopped. Every Sunday we all compelled attend meeting. Master so religious he induced some others join him hiring preacher preach the slaves.
MY master had family worship, night morning. At night slaves called to attend; in mornings they had be at their work, master did all praying. My master mistress great lovers mint julep, every morning, pitcher-full made, which they all partook freely, not excepting little master William. After drinking freely all round, they would have family worship, then breakfast. I cannot say I loved julep as well as any them, during prayer always careful seat myself close the table where it stood, so as help myself when they all busily engaged their devotions. By time prayer over, I about as happy as any them. A sad accident happened one morning. In helping myself, at at same time keeping an eye on my old mistress, I accidentally let pitcher fall upon floor, breaking it pieces, spilling con- tents. This a bad affair me; as soon
as prayer over, I taken severely chastised.
My master's family consisted himself, his wife, their nephew, William Moore. He taken into family when only few weeks age. His name being of my own, mine changed the purpose giving precedence his, though I his senior by ten twelve years. The plantation being four miles from city, I had drive family church. I always dreaded approach the Sabbath; during service, I obliged stand by horses the hot, broiling sun, in rain, just as it happened.
same gentleman, a short time previous, tied up woman his, by name Delphia, whipped her nearly death; yet he a deacon the Baptist church, good regular standing. Poor Delphia! I well acquainted with her, called see her while upon her sick bed; I shall never forget her appearance. She a member the same church with her master.
Soon after this, I hired out Mr. Walker, same man whom I have mentioned as having carried gang slaves down river on steamboat Enterprise. Seeing me the capacity a steward on boat, thinking I would make good hand take care slaves, he determined have me that purpose; finding my master would not sell me, he hired me the term one year.
When I learned fact my having been hired a negro speculator, a "soul driver," as they generally called among slaves, no one can tell my emotions. Mr. Walker had offered high price me, as I afterwards learned, I suppose my master restrained from selling me by fact I a near relative his. On entering service Mr. Walker, I found my opportunity
getting a land liberty gone, at least the time being. He had gang slaves readiness start New Orleans, in few days we on our journey. I am at loss language express my feelings on occasion. Although my master had told me he had not sold me, Mr. Walker had told me he had not purchased me, I did not believe them; not until I had been New Orleans, was on my return, did I believe I not sold.
There on boat large room on lower deck, which slaves kept, men women, promiscuously all chained two two, a strict watch kept they did not get loose; cases have occurred which slaves have got off their chains, made their escape at landing- places, while boats taking wood;-- with all our care, we lost one woman who had been taken from her husband children, having no desire live without them, the agony her soul jumped overboard, drowned herself. She not chained.
It almost impossible keep part the boat clean.
On landing at Natchez, slaves all carried
the slave-pen, there kept one week, during which time several them sold. Mr. Walker fed his slaves well. We took on board at St. Louis several hundred pounds bacon (smoked meat) corn-meal, his slaves better fed than slaves generally in Natchez, so far as my observation extended.
At end a week, we left New Orleans, place our final destination, which we reached two days. Here slaves placed a negro-pen, where those who wished purchase could call examine them. The negro-pen is small yard, surrounded by buildings, from fifteen twenty feet wide, with exception a large gate with iron bars. The slaves kept the buildings during night, turned out into yard during day. After best the stock sold at private sale at pen, balance taken the Exchange Coffee-House Auction Rooms, kept by Isaac L. McCoy, sold at public auction. After sale this lot slaves, we left New Orleans St. Louis.
ON our arrival at St. Louis I went Dr. Young, told him I did not wish live with Mr. Walker any longer. I heart-sick at seeing my fellow-creatures bought sold. But Dr. had hired me the year, stay I must. Mr. Walker again commenced purchasing another gang slaves. He bought man Colonel John O'Fallon, who resided the suburbs the city. This man had wife three children. As soon purchase made, he put jail safe keeping, until we should be ready start New Orleans. His wife visited him while there, several times, several times when she went that purpose refused admittance.
In course eight nine weeks Mr. Walker had his cargo human flesh made up. There in this lot number old men women, some them with gray locks. We left St. Louis the steamboat Carlton, Captain Swan, bound New Orleans. On our way down, before we
reached Rodney, place where we made our first stop, I had prepare old slaves market. I ordered have old men's whiskers shaved off, the grey hairs plucked out where they not too numerous, which case he had preparation blacking color it, with blacking brush we would put it on. This new business me, was performed room where passengers could not see us. These slaves also taught how old they by Mr. Walker, after going through blacking process they looked ten fifteen years younger; I am sure some those who purchased slaves Mr. Walker dreadfully cheated, especially the ages the slaves which they bought.
We landed at Rodney, the slaves driven the pen the back part the village. Several sold at this place, during our stay four five days, when we proceeded Natchez. There we landed at night, the gang put the warehouse until morning, when they driven the pen. As soon as slaves put these pens, swarms planters may be seen and about them. They knew when Walker expected, as he always had time advertised
beforehand when he would be Rodney, Natchez, New Orleans. These principal places where he offered his slaves sale.
When at Natchez second time, I saw slave very cruelly whipped. He belonged a Mr. Broadwell, merchant who kept store on wharf. The slave's name Lewis. I had known him several years, as he formerly from St. Louis. We expecting steamboat down river, which we to take passage New Orleans. Mr. Walker sent me the landing watch the boat, ordering me inform him on its arrival. While there I went into store see Lewis. I saw slave the store, asked him where Lewis Said he, "They have got Lewis hanging between heavens the earth." I asked him what he meant by He told me go into warehouse see. I went found Lewis there. He tied up a beam, with his toes just touching floor. As there no one warehouse himself, I inquired reason his being that situation. He said Mr. Broadwell had sold his wife a planter six miles from city, that he had been visit her he went the night, expecting
return before daylight, went without his master's permission. The patrol had taken him up before he reached his wife. He put jail, his master had pay his catching keeping, that what he tied up
Just as he finished his story, Mr. Broadwell came inquired what I doing there. I knew not what say, while I thinking what reply make he struck me over head with cowhide, end which struck me over my right eye, sinking deep into flesh, leaving scar which I carry this day. Before I visited Lewis he had received fifty lashes. Mr. Broadwell gave him fifty lashes more after I came out, as I afterwards informed by Lewis himself.
The next day we proceeded New Orleans, put gang the same negro-pen which we occupied before. In short time planters came flocking the pen purchase slaves. Before slaves exhibited sale, they dressed driven out into yard. Some set dancing, some jumping, some singing, some playing cards. This done make them appear cheerful happy. My business
to see they placed those situations before arrival purchasers, I have often set them dancing when their cheeks wet with tears. As slaves in good demand at time, they all soon disposed we again set out St. Louis.
On our arrival, Mr. Walker purchased farm five six miles from city. He had no family, made housekeeper one his female slaves. Poor Cynthia! I knew her well. She a quadroon, one the most beautiful women I ever saw. She a native St. Lewis, bore an irreproachable character virtue propriety conduct. Mr. Walker bought her the New Orleans market, took her down with him on one trips I made with him. Never shall I forget circumstances voyage! On first night we on board steamboat, he directed me put her into state-room he had provided her, apart from other slaves. I had seen too much the workings slavery not know what this meant. I accordingly watched him into state-room, listened hear what passed between them. I heard him make his base offers, her reject them. He told her if she
would accept his vile proposals, he would take her back with him St. Louis, establish her as his housekeeper on his farm. But if she persisted rejecting them, he would sell her as field hand on worst plantation on river. Neither threats nor bribes prevailed, however, he retired, disappointed his prey.
The next morning poor Cynthia told me what had passed, bewailed her sad fate with floods tears. I comforted encouraged her all I could; I foresaw too well what result must be. Without entering into any further particulars, suffice it say Walker performed his part the contract at time. He took her back St. Louis, established her as his mistress housekeeper at his farm, before I left, he had two children by her. But, mark end! Since I have been at North, I have been credibly informed Walker has been married, as previous measure, sold poor Cynthia her four children (she having had two more since I came away) into hopeless bondage!
He soon commenced purchasing make up third gang. We took steamboat, went Jefferson City, town on Missouri river. Here
we landed, took stage the interior the state. He bought number slaves as he passed different farms villages. After getting twenty-two twenty-three men women, we arrived at St. Charles, village on banks the Missouri. Here he purchased woman who had child her arms, appearing be four five weeks old.
We had been travelling by land some days, were hopes have found boat at this place St. Louis, were disappointed. As no boat expected some days, we started St. Louis by land. Mr. Walker had purchased two horses. He rode one, I other. The slaves chained together, we took up our line march, Mr. Walker taking lead, I bringing up rear. Though distance not more than twenty miles, we did not reach it first day. The road worse than any I have ever travelled.
Soon after we left St. Charles young child grew very cross, kept up noise during greater part the day. Mr. Walker complained its crying several times, told mother stop child's d----d noise, he would. The woman ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
tried keep child from crying, could not. We put up at night with an acquaintance Mr. Walker, in morning, just as we about start, child again commenced crying. Walker stepped up her, told her give child him. The mother tremblingly obeyed. He took child by one arm, as would cat by leg, walked into house, said the lady,
"Madam, I will make a present this little nigger; it keeps such noise I can't bear it."
The mother, as soon as she saw her child to be left, ran up Mr. Walker, falling upon her knees, begged him let her have her child; she clung around his legs, cried, "Oh, my child! my child! master, do let me have my child! oh, do, do, do! I will stop its crying if will only let me have it again." When I saw this woman crying her child so piteously, shudder feeling akin horror shot through my frame. I have often since imagination heard her crying her child:
None those who have been a slave state, who have seen American slave-trader engaged his nefarious traffic, can estimate sufferings their victims undergo. If there is one feature American slavery more abominable than another; it is which sanctions buying selling human beings. The African slave-trade abolished by American Congress some twenty years since; now, by laws the country, if an American is found engaged the African slave-trade, he is considered pirate; if found guilty such, penalty would be death.
Although African slave-trader has been branded as pirate, men engaged the traffic slaves this country, who occupy high positions society, hold offices honor the councils the nation; not few have made their fortunes by this business.
After woman's child had been given away, Mr. Walker commanded her return into ranks with other slaves. Women who had children not chained, those had none As soon as her child disposed she chained the gang.
The following song I have often heard slaves
sing, when about be carried the far south. It is said have been composed by slave.
"See these poor souls from Africa Transported America; We stolen, sold Georgia Will go along with me? We stolen, sold Georgia Come sound jubilee!
See wives husbands sold apart, Their children's screams will break my heart; There 's better day coming Will go along with me? There 's better day coming, Go sound jubilee!
O, gracious Lord! when shall it be, That we poor souls shall all be free? Lord, break them slavery powers Will go along with me? Lord, break them slavery powers, Go sound jubilee!
Dear Lord, dear Lord, when slavery 'll cease, Then we poor souls will have our peace; --There 's better day coming Will go along with me? There 's better day coming, Go sound jubilee!"
We finally arrived at Mr. Walker's farm. He had house built during our absence put slaves It a kind domestic jail. The slaves put the jail at night, worked on farm during day. They kept here until
gang completed, when we again started New Orleans, on board steamboat North America, Capt. Alexander Scott. We had large number slaves this gang. One, by name Joe, Mr. Walker training up take my place, as my time nearly out, glad I. We made our first stop at Vicksburg, where we remained one week sold several slaves.
Mr. Walker, though not good master, had not flogged slave since I had been with him, though he had threatened me. The slaves kept pen, he always put up at best hotel, kept his wines his room, the accommodation those who called negotiate with him purchase slaves. One day, while we at Vicksburg, several gentlemen came see him that purpose, as usual wine called I took tray started around with it, having accidentally filled some the glasses too full, gentlemen spilled wine on their clothes as they went drink. Mr. Walker apologized them my carelessness, looked at me as though he would see me again on this subject.
After gentlemen had left room, he asked me what I meant by my carelessness, said
he would attend me. The next morning he gave me note carry the jailer, a dollar money give him. I suspected all not right; so I went down near landing, where I met with sailor, walking up him, asked him if he would be so kind as read note me. He read it over, then looked at me. I asked him tell me what it. Said he,
He said, "This is note have whipped, says you have dollar pay it."
He handed me back note, off I started. I knew not what do, was determined not be whipped. I went up the jail took look at it, walked off again. As Mr. Walker acquainted with jailer, I feared I should be found out if I did not go, be treated consequence it still worse.
While I meditating on subject, I saw colored man about my size walk up, the thought struck me a moment send him with my note. I walked up him, asked him who he belonged He said he a free man, had been the city a short time. I told
him I had note go into jail, get trunk carry one the steamboats; was so busily engaged I could not do it, although I had dollar pay it. He asked me if I would not give him job. I handed him note the dollar, off he started the jail.
I watched see he went as soon as I saw door close behind him, I walked around corner, took my station, intending see how my friend looked when he came out. I had been there a short time, when colored man came around corner, said another colored man with whom he acquainted
"They giving nigger scissors the jail."
"What for?" said other. The man continued,
"A nigger came into jail, asked the jailer. The jailer came out, he handed him note, said he wanted get trunk. The jailer told him go with him, he would give him trunk. So he took him into room, told nigger give up dollar. He said man had given him dollar pay getting trunk. But lie would not answer. So
they made him strip himself, then they tied him down, are now whipping him."
I stood by all while listening their talk, soon found out the person alluded was my customer. I went into street opposite jail, concealed myself such manner I could not be seen by any one coming out. I had been there a short time; when young man made his appearance, looked around me. I, unobserved, came forth from my hiding- place, behind pile brick, he pretty soon saw me, came up me complaining bitterly, saying I had played trick upon him. I denied any knowledge what note contained, asked him what they had done him. He told me substance what I heard man tell who had come out the jail.
"Yes," said he, "they whipped me took my dollar, gave me this note."
He showed me note which jailer had given him, telling him give it his master. I told him I would give him fifty cents it being all money I had. He gave it me took his money. He had received twenty lashes on his bare back, with negro-whip.
I took note started the hotel where I had left Mr. Walker. Upon reaching hotel, I handed it a stranger whom I had not seen before, requested him read it me. As near as I can recollect, it as follows:
"DEAR SIR: By your direction, I have given your boy twenty lashes. He is very saucy boy, tried make me believe he did not belong you, I put it on him well lying me. "I remain "Your obedient servant."
It is true in most the slave-holding cities, when gentleman wishes his servants whipped, he can send him the jail have it done. Before I went where Mr. Walker I wet my cheeks little, as though I had been crying. He looked at me, inquired what the matter. I told him I had never had such whipping my life, handed him note. He looked at it laughed; "And so told him you did not belong me?" "Yes, sir;" said I. "I did not know there any harm
He told me I must behave myself, if I did not want be whipped again.
This incident shows how it is slavery makes its victims lying mean; which vices it afterwards reproaches them, uses them as arguments prove they deserve no better fate. Had I entertained same views right wrong which I now do, I am sure I should never have practised deception upon poor fellow which I did. I know no act committed by me while slavery which I have regretted more than that; I heartily desire it may be at some time other my power make him amends his vicarious sufferings my behalf.
IN few days we reached New Orleans, arriving there the night, remained on board until morning. While at New Orleans this time, I saw slave killed; an account which has been published by Theodore D. Weld, his book entitled "Slavery as it is." The circumstances as follows. In evening, between seven eight o'clock, slave came running down levee, followed by several men boys. The whites crying out, "Stop nigger! stop nigger!" while poor panting slave, almost breathless accents, repeating, "I did not steal meat I did not steal meat." The poor man at last took refuge the river. The whites who in pursuit him, run on board one the boats see if they could discover him. They finally espied him under bow the steamboat Trenton. They got pike-pole, tried drive him from his hiding place. When they would strike at him he would dive under
water. The water so cold, it soon became evident he must come out be drowned.
While they trying drive him from under bow the boat drown him, he would broken imploring accents say, "I did not steal meat; I did not steal meat. My master lives up river. I want see my master. I did not steal meat. Do let me go home master." After punching him, striking him over head some time, he at last sunk the water, rise no more alive.
On end the pike-pole with which they striking him a hook, which caught his clothing, they hauled him up on bow the boat. Some said he dead; others said he "playing possum;" while others kicked him make him get up; it of no use he dead.
As soon as they became satisfied this, they commenced leaving, one after another. One the hands on boat informed captain they had killed man, that dead body lying on deck. The captain came on deck, said those who remaining, "You have
killed this nigger; now take him off my boat." The captain's name Hart. The dead body dragged on shore left there. I went on board boat where our gang slaves during whole night my mind occupied with what I had seen. Early the morning I went on shore see if dead body remained there. I found it the same position it left night before. I watched see what they would do with it. It left there until between eight nine o'clock, when cart, which takes up trash out the streets, came along, the body thrown in few minutes more covered over with dirt which they removing from streets. During whole time, I did not see more than six seven persons around it, who, from their manner, evidently regarded it as no uncommon occurrence.
During our stay the city I met with young white man with whom I well acquainted St. Louis. He had been sold into slavery, under following circumstances. His father a drunkard, very poor, with family five six children. The father died, left mother take care and provide the children as best
she might. The eldest a boy, named Burrill, about thirteen years age, who did chores a store kept by Mr. Riley, assist his mother procuring living the family. After working with him two years, Mr. Riley took him New Orleans wait on him while that city on visit, when he returned St. Louis, he told mother the boy he had died with yellow fever. Nothing more heard from him, no one supposing him be alive. I much astonished when Burrill told me his history. Though I sympathized with him I could not assist him. We both slaves. He poor, uneducated, without friends; if living, is, I presume, still held as slave.
After selling out this cargo human flesh, we returned St. Louis, my time up with Mr. Walker. I had served him one year, it the longest year I ever lived.
I WAS sent home, was glad enough leave service one who tearing husband from wife, child from mother, the sister from brother a trial more severe heart-rending than any which I had yet met with awaited me. My dear sister had been sold a man who going Natchez, was lying jail awaiting hour his departure. She had expressed her determination die, rather than go the far south, she put jail safekeeping. I went the jail same day I arrived, as jailer not I could not see her.
I went home my master, the country, the first day after my return he came where I at work, spoke me very politely. I knew from his appearance something the matter. After talking me about my several journeys New Orleans with Mr. Walker, he told me he hard pressed money, as he
had sold my mother all her children except me, he thought it would be better sell me than any other one, that as I had been used living the city, he thought it probable I would prefer it a country life. I raised up my head, looked him full the face. When my eyes caught his he immediately looked the ground. After short pause, I said,
"Master, mother has often told me you a near relative mine, I have often heard admit fact; after have hired me out, received, as I once heard say, nine hundred dollars my service after receiving this large sum, will sell me be carried New Orleans some other place?"
"No," said he, "I do not intend sell to negro trader. If I had wished have done I might have sold to Mr. Walker a large sum, I would not sell to negro trader. You may go the city, find a good master."
"But," said I, "I cannot find good master the whole city St. Louis."
"Because there no good masters the state."
"Now I will give one week find master surely can do it that time."
The price set by my evangelical master upon my soul body the trifling sum fine hundred dollars. I tried enter into some arrangement by which I might purchase my freedom; he would enter into no such arrangement.
I set out the city with understanding I to return a week with some one become my new master. Soon after reaching city, I went the jail, learn if I could once more see my sister; could not gain admission. I then went mother, learned from her owner my sister intended start Natchez a few days.
I went the jail again next day, Mr. Simonds, keeper, allowed me see my sister the last time. I cannot give just description the scene at parting interview. Never, never can be erased from my heart occurrences
that day! When I entered room where she she seated one comer, alone. There four other women the same room, belonging the same man. He had purchased them, he said, his own use. She seated with her face towards door where I entered, yet she did not look up until I walked up her. As soon as she observed me she sprung up, threw her arms around my neck, leaned her head upon my breast, without uttering word, burst into tears. As soon as she recovered herself sufficiently speak, she advised me take mother, try get out slavery. She said there no hope herself she must live die slave. After giving her some advice, taking from my finger ring placing it upon hers, I bade her farewell forever, returned my mother, then there made up my mind leave Canada as soon as possible.
I had been the city nearly two days, as I to be absent only week, I thought best get on my journey as soon as possible. In conversing with mother, I found her unwilling make attempt reach land liberty, she counselled me get my liberty if I could.
She said, as all her children in slavery, she did not wish leave them. I could not bear idea leaving her among those pirates, when there a prospect being able get away from them. After much persuasion I succeeded inducing her make attempt get away.
The time fixed our departure the next night. I had with me little money I had received, from time time, from gentlemen whom I had done errands. I took my scanty means purchased some dried beef, crackers cheese, which I carried mother, who had provided herself with bag carry it I occasionally thought my old master, of my mission the city find new one. I waited with most intense anxiety the appointed time leave land slavery, search a land liberty.
The time at length arrived, we left city just as clock struck nine. We proceeded the upper part the city, where I had been two three times during day, selected skiff carry us across river. The boat not mine, nor did I know whom it did belong; neither did I care. The boat fastened with small
pole, which, with aid a rail, I soon loosened from its moorings. After hunting round finding board use as an oar, I turned the city, bidding it long farewell, pushed off my boat. The current running very swift, we had not reached middle the stream before we directly opposite city.
We soon upon Illinois shore, leaping from boat, turned it adrift, the last I saw it it going down river at good speed. We took main road Alton, passed through just at daylight, when we made the woods, where we remained during day. Our reason going into woods we expected Mr. Mansfield (the man who owned my mother) would start pursuit her as soon as he discovered she missing. He also new I had been the city looking a new master, we thought probably he would go out my master's see if he could find my mother, in so doing, Dr. Young might be led suspect I had gone Canada find purchaser.
We remained the woods during day, as soon as darkness overshadowed earth, we
started again on our gloomy way, having no guide the NORTH STAR. We continued travel by night, secrete ourselves the woods by day; every night, before emerging from our hiding- place, we would anxiously look our friend leader NORTH STAR. And the language Pierpont we might have exclaimed,
"Star the North! while blazing day Pours round me its full tide light, And hides thy pale faithful ray, I, too, lie hid, long night. For night; I dare not walk at noon, Nor dare I trust faithless moon, Nor faithless man, whose burning lust For gold hath riveted my chain; No other leader can I trust But thee, even starry train; For, all host around thee burning, Like faithless man, keep turning, turning.
In dark top southern pines I nestled, when driver's horn Called the field, lengthening lines, My fellows, at break morn. And there I lay, till thy sweet face Looked upon my 'hiding place,' Star the North! Thy light, no poor slave deceiveth,
As we travelled towards land liberty, my heart would at times leap joy. At other times, being, as I almost constantly on my feet, I felt as though I could travel no further. But when I thought slavery, with its democratic whips its republican chains its evangelical blood-hounds, its religious slave-holders when I thought all this paraphernalia American democracy religion behind me, the prospect liberty before me, I encouraged press forward, my heart strengthened, I forgot I tired hungry.
On eighth day our journey, we had very heavy rain, in few hours after it commenced we had not dry thread upon our bodies. This made our journey still more unpleasant. On tenth day, we found ourselves entirely destitute provisions, how obtain any we could not tell. We finally resolved stop at some farm- house, try get something eat. We had
no sooner determined do this, than we went a house, asked them some food. We treated with great kindness, they not only gave us something eat, gave us provisions carry with us. They advised us travel by day lie by at night. Finding ourselves about one hundred fifty miles from St. Louis, we concluded it would be safe travel by daylight, did not leave house until next morning. We travelled on day through thickly settled country, through one small village. Though we fleeing from land oppression, our hearts still there. My dear sister two beloved brothers behind us, the idea giving them up, leaving them forever, made us feel sad. But with all this depression heart, thought I should one day be free, call my body my own, buoyed me up, made my heart leap joy. I had just been telling my mother how I should try get employment as soon as we reached Canada, how I intended purchase us little farm, how I would earn money enough buy sister brothers, how happy we would be our own FREE HOME when three
men came up on horseback, ordered us stop.
I turned the one who appeared be principal man, asked him what he wanted. He said he had warrant take us up. The three immediately dismounted, one took from his pocket handbill, advertising us as runaways, offering reward two hundred dollars our apprehension delivery the city St. Louis. The advertisement had been put out by Isaac Mansfield John Young.
While they reading advertisement, mother looked me the face, burst into tears. A cold chill ran over me, such sensation I never experienced before, I hope never again. They took out rope tied me, we taken back about six miles, the house the individual who appeared be leader. We reached there about seven o'clock the evening, had supper, were separated the night. Two men remained the room during night. Before family retired rest, they all called together attend prayers. The man who a few hours before had bound my hands together with strong cord, read chapter from ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bible, then offered up prayer, just as though God had sanctioned act he had just committed upon poor, panting, fugitive slave.
The next morning blacksmith came put pair handcuffs on me, we started on our journey back the land whips, chains Bibles. Mother not tied, was closely watched at night. We carried back a wagon, after four days' travel, we came sight St. Louis. I cannot describe my feelings upon approaching city.
As we crossing ferry, Mr. Wiggins, owner the ferry, came up me, inquired what I had been doing I in chains. He had not heard I had run away. In few minutes we on Missouri side, were taken directly the jail. On way thither, I saw several my friends, who gave me nod recognition as I passed them. After reaching jail, we locked up different apartments.
I HAD been jail a short time when I heard my master sick, nothing brought more joy my heart than intelligence. I prayed fervently him not his recovery, for his death. I knew he would be exasperated at having pay my apprehension, knowing his cruelty, I feared him. While jail, I learned my sister Elizabeth, who in prison when we left city, had been carried off four days before our arrival.
I had been jail a few hours when three negro-traders, learning I secured thus running away, came my prison-house looked at me, expecting I would be offered sale. Mr. Mansfield, man who owned mother, came into jail as soon as Mr. Jones, man who arrested us, informed him he had brought her back. He told her he would not whip her, would sell her a negro-trader, take her New Orleans himself. After being jail
about one week, master sent man take me our jail, send me home. I taken out carried home, the old man well enough sit up. He had me brought into room where he as I entered, he asked me where I had been? I told him I had acted according his orders. He had told me look a master, I had been look one. He answered he did not tell me go Canada look a master. I told him as I had served him faithfully, had been means putting number hundreds dollars into his pocket, I thought I had right my liberty. He said he had promised my father I should not be sold supply New Orleans market, he would sell me a negro-trader.
I ordered go into field work, was closely watched by overseer during day, locked up at night. The overseer gave me severe whipping on second day I in field. I had been at home a short time, when master able ride the city; on his return he informed me he had sold me Samuel Willi, merchant tailor. I knew Mr. Willi. I had lived with him three four
months some years before, when he hired me my master.
Mr. Willi not considered by his servants as very bad man, nor he best masters. I went my new home, found my new mistress very glad see me. Mr. Willi owned two servants before he purchased me Robert Charlotte. Robert an excellent white-washer, hired his time from his master, paying him one dollar per day, besides taking care himself. He known the city by name Bob Music. Charlotte an old woman, who attended the cooking, washing, &c. Mr. Willi not wealthy man, did not feel able keep many servants around his house; so he soon decided hire me out, as I had been accustomed service steamboats, he gave me privilege finding such employment.
I soon secured situation on board steamer Otto, Capt. J. B. Hill, which sailed from St. Louis Independence, Missouri. My former master, Dr. Young, did not let Mr. Willi know I had run away, he would not have permitted me go on board steamboat. The boat not quite ready commence running, therefore I had remain
with Mr. Willi. But during this time, I had undergo trial which I entirely unprepared. My mother, who had been jail since her return until present time, now about being carried New Orleans, die on cotton, sugar, rice plantation!
I had been several times the jail, could obtain no interview with her. I ascertained, however, time boat which she to embark would sail, as I had not seen mother since her being thrown into prison, I felt anxious the hour sailing come. At last, day arrived when I to see her the first time after our painful separation, aught I knew, the last time this world!
At about ten o'clock the morning I went on board the boat, found her there company with fifty sixty other slaves. She chained another woman. On seeing me, she immediately dropped her head upon her heaving bosom. She moved not, neither did she weep. Her emotions too deep tears. I approached, threw my arms around her neck, kissed her, fell upon my knees, begging her forgiveness, I thought myself blame her sad condition; if I had
not persuaded her accompany me, she would not then have been chains.
She finally raised her head, looked me the face, (and such look none an angel can give!) said,"My dear son, are not blame my being here. You have done nothing more nor less than your duty. Do not, I pray weep me. I cannot last long upon cotton plantation. I feel my heavenly Master will soon call me home, then I shall be out hands the slave-holders!"
I could bear no more my heart struggled free itself from human form. In moment she saw Mr. Mansfield coming toward part the boat, she whispered into my ear, "My child, we must soon part meet no more this side the grave. You have ever said you would not die slave; you would be freeman. Now try get your liberty! You will soon have no one look after yourself!" just as she whispered last sentence into my ear, Mansfield came up me, with an oath, said, Leave here this instant; have been means my losing one hundred dollars get this wench back" at same time kicking me with heavy
pair boots. As I left her, she gave one shriek, saying, "God be with you!" It the last time I saw her, the last word I heard her utter.
I walked on shore. The bell tolling. The boat about start. I stood with heavy heart, waiting see her leave wharf. As I thought my mother, I could feel I had lost
glory my life, My blessing my pride! I half forgot name slave, When she by my side."
The love liberty had been burning my bosom had well-nigh gone out. I felt as though I ready die. The boat moved gently from wharf, while she glided down river, I realized my mother indeed
"Gone gone sold gone, To rice swamp, dank lone!"
After boat out sight I returned home; my thoughts so absorbed what I had witnessed, I knew not what I about half the time. Night came, it brought no sleep my eyes.
In few days, boat upon which I to work being ready, I went on board commence. This employment suited me better than living the city, I remained until close navigation; though it proved anything pleasant. The captain a drunken, profligate, hard- hearted creature, not knowing how treat himself, any other person.
The boat, on its second trip, brought down Mr. Walker, man whom I have spoken a previous chapter, as hiring my time. He had between one two hundred slaves, chained manacled. Among them a man formerly belonged my old master's brother, Aaron Young. His name Solomon. He a preacher, belonged the same church with his master. I glad see old man. He wept like child when he told me how he had been sold from his wife children.
The boat carried down, while I remained on board, four five gangs slaves. Missouri, though comparatively new state, is very much engaged raising slaves supply southern market. In former chapter, I have mentioned I once the employ a slave-trader,
driver, as he is called at south. For fear some may think I have misrepresented slave-driver, I will here give an extract from paper published a slave-holding state, Tennessee, called "Millennial Trumpeter."
"Droves negroes, chained together dozens scores, hand-cuffed, have been driven through our country numbers far surpassing any previous year, these vile slave-drivers dealers swarming like buzzards around carrion. Through this county, cannot pass few miles the great roads without having every feeling humanity insulted lacerated by this spectacle, nor can go into any county any neighborhood, scarcely, without seeing hearing some these despicable creatures, called negro- drivers.
"Who is negro-driver? One whose eyes dwell with delight on lacerated bodies helpless men, women children; whose soul feels diabolical raptures at chains, hand-cuffs, cart-whips, inflicting tortures on weeping mothers torn from helpless babes, on husbands wives torn asunder forever!"
Dark revolting as is picture here drawn,
it is from pen one living the midst slavery. But though these men may cant about negro-drivers, tell what despicable creatures they who is it, I ask, supplies them with human beings they tearing asunder? I answer, as far as I have any knowledge the state where I came from, those who raise slaves the market to be found among all classes, from Thomas H. Benton down the lowest political demagogue who may be able purchase woman the purpose raising stock, from doctor divinity down the most humble lay member church.
It not uncommon St. Louis pass by an auction-stand, behold woman upon auction-block, hear seller crying out, "How much is offered this woman? She is good cook, good washer, good, obedient servant. She has got religion!" Why should this man tell purchasers she has religion? I answer, because Missouri, as far as I have any knowledge slavery the other states, religious teaching consists teaching slave he must never strike white man; God made him a slave; that, when whipped,
he must not find fault the Bible says, "He knoweth his master's will doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes!" And slave- holders find such religion very profitable them.
After leaving steamer Otto, I resided at home, Mr. Willi's family, again began lay plans making my escape from slavery. The anxiety be freeman would not let me rest day night. I would think northern cities had heard so much about; Canada, where so many my acquaintances had found refuge. I would dream at night I in Canada, freeman, on waking the morning, weep find myself so sadly mistaken.
"I would think Victoria's domain, And a moment I seemed be there! But fear being taken again, Soon hurried me back despair."
Mr. Willi treated me better than Dr. Young ever had; instead making me contented happy, it only rendered me more miserable, it enabled me better appreciate liberty. Mr. Willi a man who loved money as most men do, without looking an opportunity sell me, he found one the offer Captain Enoch
Price, steamboat owner commission merchant, living the city St. Louis. Captain Price tendered seven hundred dollars, which two hundred more than Mr. Willi had paid. He therefore thought best accept offer. I wanted a carriage driver, Mrs. Price very much pleased with captain's bargain. His family consisted himself, wife, one child, three servants, besides myself, one man two women.
Mrs. Price very proud her servants, always keeping them well dressed, as soon as I had been purchased, she resolved have new carriage. And soon one procured, all preparations made a turn-out grand style, I being driver.
One the female servants a girl some eighteen twenty years age, named Maria. Mrs. Price very soon determined have us united, if she could so arrange matters. She would often urge upon me necessity having wife, saying it would be so pleasant me take one same family! But getting married, while slavery, the last my thoughts; had I been ever so inclined, I should not have
married Maria, as my love had already gone another quarter. Mrs. Price soon found out her efforts at this match-making between Maria myself would not prove successful. She also discovered (or thought she had) I rather partial a girl named Eliza, who owned by Dr. Mills. This induced her at once endeavor purchase Eliza, so great her desire get me wife!
Before making attempt, however, she deemed it best talk me little upon subject love, courtship, marriage. Accordingly, one afternoon she called me into her room telling me take chair sit down. I did so, thinking it rather strange, servants not very often asked thus sit down the same room with master mistress. She said she had found out I did not care enough about Maria marry her. I told her was true. She then asked me if there not girl city I loved. Well, now, this coming into too close quarters with me! People, generally, don't like tell their love stories everybody may think fit ask about them, it so with me. But, after blushing while recovering myself, I told her
I did not want wife. She then asked me if I did not think something Eliza. I told her I did. She then said if I wished marry Eliza, she would purchase her if she could.
I gave little encouragement this proposition, as I determined make another trial get my liberty, I knew if I should have wife, I should not be willing leave her behind; if I should attempt bring her with me, chances would be difficult success. However, Eliza purchased, brought into family.
BUT more I thought the trap laid by Mrs. Price make me satisfied with my new home, by getting me wife, more I determined never marry any woman on earth until I should get my liberty. But this secret I compelled keep myself, which placed me a very critical position. I must keep upon good terms with Mrs. Price Eliza. I therefore promised Mrs. Price I would marry Eliza; said I not then ready. And I had keep upon good terms with Eliza, fear Mrs. Price would find out I did not intend get married.
I have here spoken marriage, it is very common among slaves themselves talk it. And it is common slaves be married; at least have marriage ceremony performed. But there is no such thing as slaves being lawfully married. There has never yet case occurred where slave has been tried bigamy. The man may have as many women as he wishes,
the women as many men; the law takes no cognizance such acts among slaves. And fact some masters, when they have sold husband from wife, compel her take another.
There lived opposite Captain Price's, Doctor Farrar, well known St. Louis. He sold man named Ben, one the traders. He also owned Ben's wife, in few days he compelled Sally (that her name) marry Peter, another man belonging him. I asked Sally "why she married Peter so soon after Ben sold." She said, "because master made her do it."
Mr. John Calvert, who resided near our place, had woman named Lavinia. She quite young, a man whom she about be married sold, carried into country near St. Charles, about twenty miles from St. Louis. Mr. Calvert wanted her get husband; she had resolved not marry any other man, she refused. Mr. Calvert whipped her such manner it thought she would die. Some the citizens had him arrested, it soon hushed up. And was last it. The
woman did not die, it would have been same if she had.
Captain Price purchased me the month October, I remained with him until December, when family made voyage New Orleans, a boat owned by himself, named "Chester." I served on board as one stewards. On arriving at New Orleans, about middle the month, boat took freight Cincinnati; it decided the family should go up river her, what of more interest me, I to accompany them.
The long looked opportunity make my escape from slavery near at hand.
Captain Price had some fears as the propriety taking me near free state, a place where it likely I could run away, with prospect liberty. He asked me if I had ever been a free state. "Oh yes," said I, "I have been Ohio; my master carried me into state once, I never liked free state."
It soon decided it would be safe take me with them, what made it more safe, Eliza on boat with us, Mrs. Price, try me, asked if I thought as much as ever Eliza.
I told her Eliza very dear me indeed, that nothing death should part us. It the same as if we married. This had desired effect. The boat left New Orleans, proceeded up river.
I had at different times obtained little sums money, which I had reserved a "rainy day." I procured some cotton cloth, made me bag carry provisions The trials the past all lost hopes future. The love liberty, had been burning my bosom years, had been well-nigh extinguished, now resuscitated. At night, when all around peaceful, I would walk decks, meditating upon my happy prospects.
I should have stated, before leaving St. Louis, I went an old man named Frank, slave, owned by Mr. Sarpee. This old man very distinguished (not only among slave population, also whites) as fortune-teller. He about seventy years age, something over six feet high, very slender. Indeed, he so small around his body, it looked as though it not strong enough hold up his head.
Uncle Frank a very great favorite with young ladies, who would go him great numbers get their fortunes told. And it generally believed he could really penetrate into mysteries futurity. Whether true not, he had name that is about half what one needs this gullible age. I found Uncle Frank seated the chimney corner, about ten o'clock at night. As soon as I entered, old man left his seat. I watched his movement as well as I could by dim light the fire. He soon lit lamp, coming up, looked me full the face, saying, "Well, my son, have come get uncle tell your fortune, have you?" "Yes," said I. But how old man should know what I came I could not tell. However, I paid fee twenty-five cents, he commenced by looking into gourd, filled with water. Whether old man a prophet, the son a prophet, I cannot say; there is one thing certain, many his predictions verified.
I am no believer soothsaying; yet I am sometimes at loss know how Uncle Frank could tell so accurately what would occur the future. Among many things he told one which
enough pay me all trouble hunting him up. It that I should be free! He further said, in trying get my liberty I would meet with many severe trials. I thought myself any fool could tell me that!
The first place which we landed a free state Cairo, small village at mouth the Ohio river. We remained here a few hours, when we proceeded Louisville. After unloading some the cargo, boat started on her upward trip. The next day the first January. I had looked forward New Year's day as commencement a new era history my life. I had decided upon leaving peculiar institution day.
During last night I served slavery I did not close my eyes single moment. When not thinking the future, my mind dwelt on past. The love a dear mother, dear sister, three dear brothers, yet living, caused me shed many tears. If I could only have been assured their being dead, I should have felt satisfied; I imagined I saw my dear mother the cotton-field, followed by merciless task- master, no one speak consoling word
her! I beheld my dear sister the hands a slave-driver, compelled submit his cruelty! None one placed such situation can a moment imagine intense agony which these reflections subjected me.
At last time action arrived. The boat landed at point which appeared me place all others start from. I found it would be impossible carry anything with me what upon my person. I had some provisions, a single suit clothes, about half worn. When boat discharging her cargo, the passengers engaged carrying their baggage on off shore, I improved opportunity convey myself with my little effects on land. Taking up trunk, I went up wharf, was soon out the crowd. I made directly the woods, where I remained until night, knowing well I could not travel, even the state Ohio, during day, without danger being arrested.
I had long since made up my mind I would not trust myself hands any man, white colored. The slave is brought up look upon every white man as an enemy him his race; twenty-one years slavery had taught
me there traitors, even among colored people. After dark, I emerged from woods into narrow path, which led me into main travelled road. But I knew not which way go. I did not know north from south, east from west. I looked vain the North Star; heavy cloud hid it from my view. I walked up down road until near midnight, when clouds disappeared, I welcomed sight my friend truly slave's friend North Star!
As soon as I saw it, I knew my course, before daylight I travelled twenty twenty-five miles. It being the winter, I suffered intensely from cold; being without an overcoat, my other clothes rather thin the season. I provided with tinder-box, so I could make up fire when necessary. And for this, I should certainly have frozen death; I determined not go any house shelter. I knew a man belonging Gen. Ashly, St. Louis, who had run away near Cincinnati, on way Washington, had been caught carried back into slavery; I felt a similar
fate awaited me, should I be seen by any one. I travelled at night, lay by during day.
On fourth day my provisions gave out, then what do I could not tell. Have something eat I must; how get it the question! On first night after my food gone, I went a barn on road-side there found some ears corn. I took ten twelve them, kept on my journey. During next day, while the woods, I roasted my corn feasted upon it, thanking God I so well provided
My escape a land freedom now appeared certain, the prospects the future occupied great part my thoughts. What should be my occupation, a subject much anxiety me; the next thing what should be my name? I have before stated my old master, Dr. Young, had no children his own, had with him nephew, son his brother, Benjamin Young. When this boy brought Dr. Young, his name being William, same as mine, my mother ordered change mine something else. This, at time, I thought be one the most cruel acts could be committed upon my rights; I received several very severe whippings
telling people my name William, after orders given change it. Though young, I old enough place high appreciation upon my name. It decided, however, call me "Sandford," this name I known by, not only upon my master's plantation, up the time I made my escape. I sold under name Sandford.
But as soon as subject came my mind, I resolved on adopting my old name William, let Sandford go by board, I always hated it. Not because there anything peculiar the name; because it had been forced upon me. It is sometimes common, at south, slaves take name their masters. Some have legitimate right do so. But I always detested idea being called by name either my masters. And as my father, I would rather have adopted name "Friday," been known as servant some Robinson Crusoe, than have taken his name. So I not only hunting my liberty, also hunting a name; though I regarded latter as little consequence, if I could gain former. Travelling along road, I would sometimes speak
myself, sounding my name over, by way getting used it, before I should arrive among civilized human beings. On fifth six day, it rained very fast, froze about as fast as it fell, so my clothes one glare ice. I travelled on at night until I became so chilled benumbed wind blowing into my face I found it impossible go any further, accordingly took shelter a barn, where I obliged walk about keep from freezing.
I have ever looked upon night as most eventful part my escape from slavery. Nothing the providence God, that old barn, saved me from freezing death. I received very severe cold, which settled upon my lungs, from time time my feet had been frost- bitten, so it with difficulty I could walk. In this situation I travelled two days, when I found I must seek shelter somewhere, die.
The thought death nothing frightful me, compared with being caught, again carried back into slavery. Nothing the prospect enjoying liberty could have induced me undergo such trials,
"Behind I left whips chains, Before me sweet Freedom's plains!"
This, this alone, cheered me onward. But I at last resolved seek protection from inclemency the weather, therefore I secured myself behind some logs brush, intending wait there until some one should pass by; I thought it probable I might see some colored person, if not, some one who not slave holder; I had an idea I should know slaveholder as far as I could see him.
The first person passed a man a buggy-wagon. He looked too genteel me hail him. Very soon another passed by on horseback. I attempted speak him, fear made my voice fail me. As he passed, I left my hiding- place, was approaching road, when I observed an old man walking towards me, leading white horse. He had on broad-brimmed hat a very long coat, was evidently walking exercise. As soon as I saw him, observed his dress, I thought myself, "You the man I have been looking for!" Nor I mistaken. He the very man!
On approaching me, he asked me, "if I not slave." I looked at him some time, then asked him "if he knew any one who would
help me as I sick." He answered he would; again asked; if I not slave. I told him I He then said I in very pro-slavery neighborhood, if I would wait until he went home, he would get covered wagon me. I promised remain. He mounted his horse, was soon out sight.
After he gone, I meditated whether wait not; being apprehensive he had gone some one arrest me. But I finally concluded remain until he should return; removing some few rods watch his movements. After suspense an hour a half more, he returned with two-horse covered wagon, such as usually seen under shed a Quaker meeting- house on Sundays Thursdays; the old man proved be Quaker the George Fox stamp.
He took me his house, it some time before I could be induced enter it; not until old lady came out, did I venture into house. I thought I saw something the old lady's cap told me I not only safe, welcome, her house. I not, however, prepared receive their hospitalities. The only fault I found with
them their being too kind. I had never had white man treat me as an equal, the idea a white lady waiting on me at table still worse! Though table loaded with good things this life, I could not eat. I thought if I could only be allowed privilege eating the kitchen I should be more than satisfied!
Finding I could not eat, old lady, who a "Thompsonian," made me cup "composition," "number six;" it so strong hot, I called it "number seven!" However, I soon found myself at home this family. On different occasions, when telling these facts, I have been asked how I felt upon finding myself regarded as man by white family; especially just having run away from one. I cannot say I have ever answered question yet.
The fact I in all probability freeman, sounded my ears like charm. I am satisfied none a slave could place such an appreciation upon liberty as I did at time. I wanted see mother sister, I might tell them "I free!" I wanted see my fellow- slaves St. Louis, let them know the chains no longer upon my limbs. I wanted
see Captain Price, let him learn from my own lips I no more chattel, a man! I anxious, too, thus inform Mrs. Price she must get another coachman. And I wanted see Eliza more than I did either Mr. Mrs. Price!
The fact I a freeman could walk, talk, eat sleep, as man, no one stand over me with blood-clotted cow-hide all this made me feel I not myself.
The kind friend had taken me was named Wells Brown. He a devoted friend the slave; was very old, not the enjoyment good health. After being by fire awhile, I found my feet had been very much frozen. I seized with fever, which threatened confine me my bed. But my Thompsonian friends soon raised me, treating me as kindly as if I had been one their own children. I remained with them twelve fifteen days, during which time they made me some clothing, the old gentleman purchased me pair boots.
I found I about fifty sixty miles from Dayton, the State Ohio, between
one two hundred miles from Cleaveland, on Lake Erie, place I desirous reaching on my way Canada. This I know will sound strangely the ears people foreign lands, it is nevertheless true. An American citizen fleeing from democratic, republican, Christian government, receive protection under monarchy Great Britain. While people the United States boast their freedom, they at same time keep three millions their own citizens chains; while I am seated here sight Bunker Hill Monument, writing this narrative, I am slave, no law, not even Massachusetts, can protect me from hands the slave- holder!
Before leaving this good Quaker friend, he inquired what my name besides William. I told him I had no other name. "Well," said he, "thee must have another name. Since thee has got out slavery, thee has become man, men always have two names."
I told him he the first man extend hand friendship me, I would give him privilege naming me.
"If I name thee," said he, "I shall call thee Wells Brown, after myself."
"But," said I, "I am not willing lose my name William. As it taken from me once against my will, I am not willing part with it again upon any terms.
"Then," said he, "I will call thee William Wells Brown."
"So be it," said I; I have been known by name ever since I left house my first white friend, Wells Brown.
After giving me some little change, I again started Canada. In four days I reached public house, went into warm myself. I there learned some fugitive slaves had just passed through place. The men the bar-room talking about it, I thought it must have been myself they referred I therefore afraid start, fearing they would seize me; I finally mustered courage enough, took my leave. As soon as I out sight, I went into woods, remained there until night, when I again regained road, travelled on until next day.
Not having had any food nearly two days; I faint with hunger, was a dilemma what do, as little cash supplied me by my
adopted father, which had contributed my comfort, now all gone. I however concluded go a farm-house, ask something eat. On approaching door the first one presenting itself, I knocked, was soon met by man who asked me what I wanted. I told him I would like something eat. He asked me where I from, where I going. I replied I had come some way, was going Cleaveland.
After hesitating moment two, he told me he could give me nothing eat, adding, "that if I would work, I could get something eat."
I felt bad, being thus refused something sustain nature, did not dare tell him I a slave.
Just as I leaving door, with heavy heart, woman, who proved be wife this gentleman, came the door, asked her husband what I wanted. He did not seem inclined inform her. She therefore asked me herself. I told her I had asked something eat. After few other questions, she told me come that she would give me something eat.
I walked up the door, the husband remained the passage, as if unwilling let me enter.
She asked him two three times get out the way, let me But as he did not move, she pushed him on one side, bidding me walk in! I never before so glad see woman push man aside! Ever since act, I have been favor "woman's rights!"
After giving me as much food as I could eat, she presented me with ten cents, all money then at her disposal, accompanied with note a friend, few miles further on road. Thanking this angel mercy from an overflowing heart, I pushed on my way, in three days arrived at Cleaveland, Ohio.
Being an entire stranger this place, it difficult me find where stop. I had no money, the lake being frozen, I saw I must remain until opening the navigation, go Canada by way Buffalo. But believing myself be somewhat out danger, I secured an engagement at Mansion House, as table waiter, payment my board. The proprietor, however, whose name E. M. Segur, a short
time, hired me twelve dollars month; on which terms I remained until spring, when I found good employment on board lake steamboat.
I purchased some books, at leisure moments perused them with considerable advantage myself. While at Cleaveland, I saw, the first time, an anti-slavery newspaper. It the "Genius Universal Emancipation," published by Benjamin Lundy; though I had no home, I subscribed the paper. It my great desire, being out slavery myself, do what I could the emancipation my brethren yet chains, while on Lake Erie, I found many opportunities "helping their cause along."
It is well known a great number fugitives make their escape Canada, by way Cleaveland; while on lakes, I always made arrangement carry them on boat Buffalo Detroit, thus effect their escape the "promised land." The friends the slave, knowing I would transport them without charge, never failed have delegation when boat arrived at Cleaveland. I have sometimes had four five on board at one time.
In year I conveyed, from first May the first December, sixty-nine fugitives
over Lake Erie Canada. In I visited Malden, Upper Canada, counted seventeen that small village, whom I had assisted reaching Canada. Soon after coming north I subscribed the Liberator, edited by champion freedom, William Lloyd Garrison. I had heard nothing the anti-slavery movement while slavery, as soon as I found my enslaved countrymen had friends who laboring their liberation, I felt anxious join them, give what aid I could the cause.
I early embraced temperance cause, found a temperance reformation needed among my colored brethren. In company with few friends, I commenced temperance reformation among colored people city Buffalo, labored three years, which time society built up, numbering over five hundred out a population less than seven hundred.
In autumn, impressed with importance spreading anti-slavery truth, as means bring about abolition slavery, I commenced lecturing as an agent the western New York Anti-Slavery Society, have ever since devoted my time the cause my enslaved countrymen.
DURING autumn slaveholder by name Bacon Tate, from State Tennessee, came the north search fugitives from slavery. On his arrival at Buffalo he heard two the most valuable slaves he in pursuit They residing St. Catharine's, Upper Canada, some twenty-five miles from Buffalo. After hearing they in Canada, one would have supposed Tate would have given up all hope getting them. But not so. Bacon Tate a man who had long been engaged the slave-trade, previous that had been employed as negro-driver. In these two situations he had gained name being most complete "negro-breaker" that part Tennessee where he resided. He as unfeeling as devoid principle as man could possibly be. This made him person, above all others, be selected be put on track the fugitive slave. He had not only been
commissioned catch Stanford his wife, two valuable slaves already alluded he had names some twenty others.
Many slaves had made their escape from vicinity Nashville, the slaveholders anxious have some caught, they might make an example them. And Tate, anxious sustain his high reputation as negro-catcher, left no stone unturned carry out his nefarious objects.
Stanford his little family as happily situated as fugitives can be, who make their escape Canada the cold season the year. Tate, on his arrival at Buffalo, took lodgings at Eagle Tavern, best house at time the city. And here he began lay his plans catch carry back into slavery those men women who had undergone so much get their freedom. He soon became acquainted with profligate colored woman, who a servant the hotel, who as unprincipled as himself. This woman sent St. Catharine's, spy out situation Stanford's family. Under pretence wishing get board the family, at same time offering pay week's board
advance, she taken After remaining with them three four days, spy returned Buffalo, informed Tate how they situated. By liberal use money, Tate soon found those who willing do his bidding. A carriage hired, four men employed go with it St. Catharine's, to secure their victims during night.
The carriage, with kidnappers, crossed Niagara river at Black Rock, on Saturday evening, about seven o'clock, went on its way towards St. Catharine's; no one suspecting the least they after fugitive slaves. About twelve o'clock night they attacked Stanford's dwelling by breaking the door. They found family asleep, of course met with no obstacle whatever tying, gagging, forcing them into carriage.
The family had one child about six weeks old. That kept at its mother's breast, keep it quiet. The carriage re-crossed river, at same place, next morning at sunrise, proceeded Buffalo, where it remained short time, after changing horses leaving some its company, it proceeded on its journey. The carriage
being closely covered, no one had made least discovery as its contents. But some time during morning, man, who neighbor Stanford, who resided a short distance from him, came on an errand; finding house deserted, seeing most the family's clothes lying on floor, seeing here there stains blood, soon gave alarm, the neighbors started every direction, see if they could find kidnappers. One man got on track the carriage, followed it the ferry at Black Rock, where he heard it had crossed some three hours before. He went on Buffalo, gave alarm the colored people that place. The colored people Buffalo noted their promptness giving aid the fugitive slave. The alarm given just as bells ringing church. I in company with five six others, when I heard a brother slave with his family had been seized dragged from his home during night previous. We started on run the livery-stable, where we found as many more our own color trying hire horses go search the fugitives. There two roads which kidnappers could take, we at some loss know which take
ourselves. But we soon determined be on right track, so divided our company, one half taking road Erie, other taking road leading Hamburgh. I among those who took latter.
We travelled on at rapid rate, until we came within half mile Hamburgh Corners, when we met man on side the road on foot, who made signs us stop. We halted a moment, when he informed us carriage we in pursuit was at public house, that he then search some his neighbors, assemble to demand kidnappers authority by which they taking these people into slavery.
We proceeded the tavern, where we found carriage standing front the door, with pair fresh horses ready proceed on their journey. The kidnappers, seeing us coming, took their victims into room, locked door fastened down windows. We all dismounted, fastened our horses, entered house. We found four five persons bar-room, who seemed rejoice as we entered.
One our company demanded opening
door, while others went out surrounded house. The kidnappers stationed one their number at door, another at window. They refused let us enter room, the tavern-keeper, who more favorable us than we had anticipated, said us, "Boys, get into room any way you can; house is mine, I give the liberty break through door window." This all we wanted, we soon making preparations enter room at all hazards. Those within had warned us if we should attempt enter, they would "shoot first one." One our company, who had obtained crow-bar, went the window, succeeded getting it under sash, soon we had window up, the kidnappers, together with their victims, full view.
One the kidnappers, while we raising window, kept crying at top his voice, "I'll shoot, I'll shoot!" no one seemed mind him. As soon as they saw we determined rescue slaves at all hazards, they gave up, one their number telling us we might "come "
The door thrown open, we entered, there found Stanford seated one corner the room, with his hands tied behind him, his clothing, what little he had on, much stained with blood. Near him his wife, with her child, a few weeks old, her arms. Neither them had anything on except their night-clothes. They had both been gagged, keep them from alarming people, had been much beaten bruised when first attacked by kidnappers. Their countenances lighted up moment we entered room.
The most those who made up our company persons who had made their escape from slavery, who knew its horrors from personal experience, who had left near dear relatives behind them. And we knew how "feel those bonds as bound with them."
The woman who had betrayed them, who in house at time they taken, had been persuaded by Tate go on with him Tennessee. She had accompanied them from Canada, we found her the same room with Stanford his wife. As soon as she found we about enter room, she ran under bed.
We knew nothing her being the room until Stanford pointed the bed said, "Under there is our betrayer." She soon hauled out, it as much as some us could do keep others from lynching her upon spot. The curses came thick fast from majority the company. But nothing attracted my attention at time more than look Mrs. Stanford at betrayer, as she sat before her. She did not say word her, her countenance told feelings her inmost soul, we could think, had she spoken her, she would have said, "May world deny thee shelter! earth home! dust grave! sun his light! Heaven her God!"
The betrayer begged us let her go. I somewhat disposed comply with her request, I found many oppose me; fact, I entirely alone. My main reason wishing let her escape that I afraid her life would be danger. I knew if she taken back Buffalo Canada, she would fall into hands an excited people, most whom had themselves been slaves. And they, being comparatively ignorant the laws, would be likely take law into their own hands.
However, woman not allowed escape, was put into coach, together with Stanford his wife; after an hour a half's drive, we found ourselves the city Buffalo. The excitement which alarm had created the morning had broken up meetings the colored people that day; on our arrival the city we met by some forty fifty colored persons. The kidnappers had not been inactive; on our arrival the city, we learned the man who had charge the carriage fugitives when we caught up with them, returned the city immediately after giving slaves up us, had informed Tate, who had remained behind, what had occurred. Tate immediately employed sheriff his posse re-take slaves. So, on our arrival Buffalo, we found the main battle had yet be fought. Stanford his wife child soon provided with clothing some refreshment, while we preparing ourselves with clubs, pistols, knives, other weapons defence. News soon come us the sheriff, with his under officers, together with some sixty seventy men who at work on canal, on road between Buffalo Black
Rock, that they intended re-take slaves when we should attempt take them the ferry convey them Canada. This news anything pleasant us, we prepared the worst.
We returned the city about two o'clock the afternoon, about four we started Black Rock ferry, which is about three miles below Buffalo. We had our company some fifty more able-bodied, resolute men, who determined stand by slaves, who had resolved, before they left city, if sheriff his men took slaves, they should first pass over their dead bodies.
We started, when about mile below city, sheriff his men came upon us, surrounded us. The slaves in carriage, horses soon stopped, we found it advisable take them out carriage, we did so. The sheriff came forward, read something purporting be "Riot Act," at same time called upon all good citizens aid him keeping "peace." This a trick his, get possession the slaves. His men rushed upon us with their clubs stones a general
fight ensued. Our company had surrounded slaves, had succeeded keeping sheriff his men off. We fought, at same time kept pushing on towards ferry.
In midst the fight, little white man made his appearance among us, proved be valuable friend. His name Pepper; he proved himself pepper the sheriff his posse day. He a lawyer; as officers would arrest any our company, he would step up ask officer if he had "warrant take man;" as none them had warrants, could not answer affirmatively, he would say colored man, "He has no right take you; knock him down." The command no sooner given than man would fall. If one who had been arrested not able knock him down, some who close by, who armed with club other weapon, would come his assistance.
After it became generally known our company the "little man" a lawyer, he had tremendous influence with them. You could hear them cry out occasionally, "That's right, knock him down; little man told do it, he
is lawyer; he knows all about law; that's right, hit him again! he is white man, he has done our color enough."
Such is a poor representation what said by those who engaged the fight. After hard-fought battle, nearly two hours, we arrived at ferry, slaves still our possession. On arriving at ferry, we found some the sheriff's gang had taken possession the ferry-boat. Here another battle to be fought, before slaves could reach Canada. The boat fastened at each end by chain, in scuffle the ascendency, one party took charge one end the boat, while other took other end. The blacks commanding ferryman carry them over, while whites commanding him not While each party contending power, slaves pushed on board, the boat shoved from wharf. Many the blacks jumped on board the boat, while whites jumped on shore. And swift current the Niagara soon carried them off, amid shouts the blacks, the oaths imprecations the whites. We on shore swung our hats gave three cheers, just as reinforcement
came the whites. Seeing odds entirely against us numbers, having gained great victory, we gave up without resistance, suffered ourselves be arrested by sheriff's posse. However, we all remained on shore until ferry-boat had landed on Canada side. As boat landed, Stanford leaped on shore, rolled over the sand, even rubbed it into his hair.
I did not accompany boat over, those who did informed us Mrs. Stanford, as she stepped on shore, with her child her arms, exclaimed, "I thank God I am again Canada!" We returned the city, some forty our company lodged jail, await their trial next morning.
And now I will return the betrayer. On our return Buffalo, she given over a committee women, who put her a room, put guard over her. Tate, who had been very active from time he heard we had recaptured carriage with slaves, still the city. He not with slaves when we caught up with them at Hamburgh, nor he be found the fight. He sent his hirelings, while he remained
at hotel drinking champagne. As soon as he found slaves out his reach, he then made an offer fifty dollars any person who would find betrayer. He pretended he wished save her from indignation the colored people. But fact is, he had promised her if she would accompany him the south, he would put her a situation where she would be lady. Poor woman! She foolish enough believe him; now the people had lost all sympathy her, on account her traitorous act, he still thought by pretending be her friend, he could induce her go the south, he might sell her. But those who had her charge determined she should be punished being engaged this villanous transaction.
Several meetings held determine what should be done with her. Some in favor hanging her, others burning her, a majority for taking her the Niagara river, tying fifty-six pound weight her, throwing her There seemed be no way which she could be reached by civil law. She kept confinement three days, being removed different places each night.
So conflicting the views those who had her charge, they could not decide upon what should be done with her. However, there seemed be such vast majority favor throwing her into Niagara river, some us, who opposed taking life, succeeded having her given over another committee, who, after reprimanding her, let her go.
Tate, the mean time, hearing the colored people had resolved take vengeance on him, thought it best leave city. On Monday, at ten o'clock, we all carried before Justice Grosvenor; of forty who had been committed evening before, twenty-five held bail answer a higher court. When trials came on, we fined more less, from five fifty dollars each.
During fight no one killed, though there many broken noses black eyes; one young man, who attached a theatrical corps, so badly injured the conflict he died some three months after.
Thus ended one the most fearful fights human freedom I ever witnessed. The reader will observe this conflict took place on
Sabbath, that those who foremost getting it up officers justice. The plea the sheriff his posse we breaking Sabbath by assembling such large numbers protect brother slave his wife child from being dragged back into slavery, which is far worse than death itself.
Of many features which American slavery presents, most cruel is of slave-trade. A traffic the bodies souls native-born Americans is carried on the slave-holding states an extent little dreamed by great mass the people the non-slave-holding states. The precise number slaves carried from slave-raising the slave-consuming states we have no means knowing. But it must be very great, as forty thousand sold carried out the State Virginia one single year!
This heart-rending cruel traffic is not confined any particular class persons. No person forfeits his her character standing society by being engaged raising selling slaves supply cotton, sugar, rice plantations the south. Few persons who have visited
slave states have not, on their return, told the gangs slaves they had seen on their way the southern market. This trade presents some the most revolting atrocious scenes which can be imagined. Slave-prisons, slave-auctions, handcuffs, whips, chains, bloodhounds, other instruments cruelty, part the furniture which belongs the American slave-trade. It is enough make humanity bleed at every pore, see these implements torture.
Known God only is amount human agony suffering which sends its cry from these slave-prisons, unheard unheeded by man, up His ear; mothers weeping their children breaking night-silence with shrieks their breaking hearts. We wish no human being experience emotions needless pain, we do wish every man, woman, child New England, could visit southern slave-prison auction-stand.
I shall never forget scene which took place the city St. Louis, while I in slavery. A man his wife, both slaves, brought from country the city, sale. They taken the rooms AUSTIN SAVAGE, auctioneers
Several slave-speculators, who always be found at auctions where slaves to be sold, present. The man first put up, sold highest bidder. The wife next ordered ascend platform. I present. She slowly obeyed order. The auctioneer commenced, soon several hundred dollars bid. My eyes intensely fixed on face the woman, whose cheeks wet with tears. But conversation between slave his new master attracted my attention. I drew near them listen. The slave begging his new master purchase his wife. Said he, "Master, if will only buy Fanny, I know will get worth your money. She is good cook, good washer, her last mistress liked her very much. If will only buy her how happy I shall be." The new master replied he did not want her if she sold cheap he would purchase her. I watched countenance the man while different persons bidding on his wife. When his new master bid on his wife could see smile upon his countenance, the tears stop; as soon as another would bid, could see countenance change the tears start afresh.
From this change countenance one could see workings the inmost soul. But this suspense did not last long; wife struck off the highest bidder, who proved not be owner her husband. As soon as they became aware they to be separated, they both burst into tears; as she descended from auctionstand, husband, walking up her taking her by hand, said, "Well, Fanny, we to part forever, on earth; have been good wife me. I did all I could get my new master buy you; he did not want all I have say is, I hope will try meet me heaven. I shall try meet there." The wife made no reply, her sobs cries told, too well, her own feelings. I saw countenances a number whites who present, whose eyes dim with tears at hearing man bid his wife farewell.
Such but common occurrences the slave states. At these auction-stands, bones, muscles, sinews, blood nerves, human beings, sold with as much indifference as farmer the north sells horse sheep. And this great American nation is, at present time, engaged
the slave-trade. I have before me now Washington "UNION," organ the government, which I find an advertisement several slaves be sold the benefit the government. They will, all human probability, find homes among rice-swamps Georgia, the canebrakes Mississippi.
With every disposition on part those who engaged it veil truth, certain facts have, from time time, transpired, sufficient show, if not full amount the evil, at least it is one prodigious magnitude. And what is more be wondered at, is fact the greatest slave-market is be found at capital the country! The American slave-trader marches by capitol with his "coffle-gang," stars stripes waving over their heads, the constitution the United States his pocket!
The Alexandria Gazette, speaking the slave- trade at capital, says, "Here may behold fathers brothers leaving behind them dearest objects affection, moving slowly along the mute agony despair; there, young mother, sobbing over infant whose innocent
smile seems to increase her misery. From some will hear burst bitter lamentation, while from others, loud hysteric laugh breaks forth, denoting still deeper agony. Such is a faint picture the American slave-trade."