DOE/EIA-0537(95)
Distribution Category UC-950
EIA Glossary of Energy
and Energy-Related Terms
Second Edition
May 1995
Energy Information Administration
Office of Statistical Standards
U.S. Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585
Introduction
Tthis is the 2nd edition of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) Glossary of the Energy
Add the rest of text desired
ability to switch main heating fuel: See Fuel-Switching Capability.
OPI: ,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0318
acbm: Acronym for "asbestos-containing building material." (See Asbestos)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
account classification: The way in which suppliers of electricity, natural gas, or fuel oil classify andbill their customers. Commonly used account classifications are "Residential," "Commercial," "Industrial," and "Other." Suppliers' definitionsof these terms vary from supplier to supplier. In addition, the same customer may be classifieddifferently by each of its energy suppliers.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0318
account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee.Included are quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or spot market sales.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0384
accounting system: A method of recording accounting data for a utility or company or a method of supplying accounting information for controlling, evaluating, planning and decisionmaking.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0531*
acid mine drainage: This refers to water pollution that results when sulfur-bearing minerals associated with coal are exposed to air and water and form sulfuric acid andferrous sulfate. The ferrous sulfate can further react to form ferric hydroxide, or yellowboy, a yellow-orangeiron precipitate found in streams and rivers polluted by acid mine drainage.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
acid rain: Also called acid precipitation or acid deposition, acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into theatmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.It can be wet precipitation (rain, snow,or fog) or dry precipitation (absorbed gaseous and particulate matter, aerosol particles or dust). Acid rain has a pH below 5.6. Normal rain has a pH of about 5.6,which is slightly acidic. The term pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and ranges from 0 to 14. A pH measurement of 7 is regarded as neutral. Measurements below 7 indicate increased acidity, while those above indicate increased alkalinity.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064*, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0348/2
acquisition (1): Acquisitions include all transfers of ownership of foreign crude oil to a firm, irrespective of the terms of that transfer. Acquisitions thus include all purchases and exchange receipts as well as any and all foreign crude acquired under reciprocal buy-sell agreements or acquired as a result of a buy-back or other preferential agreement with a host government.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-856
acquisition (2): The procurement of the legal right to explore for and produce discovered minerals, if any, within a specific area; that legal right may be obtained by mineral lease, concession, or purchase of land and mineral rights or of mineral rights alone.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
acquisition cost: Cost of acquiring mining and production rights to a uranium property.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-858
acquisition costs: Direct costs and indirect costs incurred to acquire legal rights to wasting natural resources. Direct costs include costs incurred to obtain options to lease or purchase mineral rights and costs incurred for the actual leasing (e.g., lease bonuses) or purchasing of the rights. Indirect costs include such costs as brokers' commissions and expenses; abstract and recording fees; filing and patenting fees; and costs of legal examination of title and documents.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206*
acre-foot: The volume of water that will cover an area of 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0455
acreage: An area, measured in acres, that is subject to ownership or control by those holding total or fractional shares of working interests. Acreage is considered developed when development has been completed. (See definition for Working Interest.) A distinction may be made between "gross" acreage and "net" acreage:
Gross - All acreage covered by any working interest, regardless of the percentage of ownership in the interest.
Net - Gross acreage adjusted to reflect the percentage of ownership in the working interest in the acreage.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206
active solar: As an energy source, energy from the sun collectedand stored using mechanical pumps or fans to circulate heat-laden fluids or air between solar collectors and a building.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0314, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
activities requiring large amounts of hot water: CBECS collects this data for activities within the buildings that require large amounts of hot water for other than space heating. Examples of these activities are commercial laundry rooms, heated swimming pools, spas, or saunas and steam rooms. (See Energy-Related Space Functions.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
additional vehicle: A vehicle whose acquisition causes an increase in the size of the company fleet. These vehicles are not meant to take place of vehicles being retired from service.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-176
adequacy of insulation: The perception of the respondent as to the adequacy of insulation present in the housing unit; or how "good" theinsulation in the unit is.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314
adjustable speed drives: Drives that save energy by ensuring the motor's speed is properly matched to the load placed on the motor. Terms used to describe this category include polyphase motors, motor oversizing, and motor rewinding.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
adjusted electricity: A measurement of electricity that includes the approximate amount of energy used to generate electricity. To approximate the adjusted amount of electricity, the site-value of the electricity is multiplied by a factor of three. This conversion factor of three is a rough approximation of the Btu value ofraw fuels used to generate electricity in a steam-generation power plant. In this report,electricity is represented as site energy. See Site Energy and Btu Conversion Factors.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
administrative and general expenses: Expenses of an electric utility relating to the overall directions of its corporate offices and administrative affairs, as contrasted with expenses incurred for specialized functions. Examples include office salaries, officesupplies, advertising, and other generalexpenses.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0531
advance royalty: A royalty required to be paid in advanceof production from a mineral property that may or may not be recoverable from future production.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
advances from municipality: The amount of loans and advances made by the municipality or its other departments to the utility department when such loans and advances are subject to repayment but not subject to current settlement.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-412
advances to municipality: The amount of loans and advances made by the utility department to the municipality or its other departments when such loans or advances are subject to current settlement.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-412
adverse water conditions: Reduced streamflow, lack of rain in the drainage basin, or low water supply behind a pondage or reservoir dam resulting in a reduced gross head that limits the production of hydroelectric power or forces restrictions to be placed on multipurpose reservoirs or other water uses.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0455
affiliate (1): See Firm as used on EIA-856.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-856
affiliate (2): An "affiliate" of, or a person "affiliated" with, a specific person is a person thatdirectly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, theperson specified. The term "affiliate" includes any subsidiary or parent of the person specified.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206
affiliatesidiary: Entities directly or indirectly controlled by a parent.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-782A, EIA-782B, EIA-782C
affiliated (associated) company: An "affiliate" of, or aperson "affiliated" with, a specific person is a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with the person specified. (See Person and Control)
OPI: EI-40
Sources: DOE/EIA-0216
aftermarket converted vehicle: A standard conventionally fueled, factory-
produced vehicle to which equipment has been added that enables the vehicle to operate on alternative fuel.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886, DOE/EIA-0585/0
aftermarket vehicle converter: An organization or individual that modifies OEM vehicles after first use or sale to operate on a different fuel (or fuels).
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
agglomerating character: Agglomeration describes the caking properties of coal. Agglomerating character is determined by examination and testing of the residue when a small powdered sample is heated to 950 degrees Centigrade under specific conditions. If the sample is "agglomerating," the residue will be coherent, show swelling or cell structure, and be capable of supporting a 500-gram weight without pulverizing.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118
aggregate ratio: The ratio of two population aggregates (totals). For example, the aggregate expenditures per household is the ratio of the total expenditures in each category to the total number of households in the category. See Mean.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2, DOE/EIA-0464*
agricultural: Activities involving the manufacturing, processing, sale, storage, or housing of agricultural products, including livestock. However, buildings that had 50 percent or more of the floorspace devoted to agricultural activity were considered out of scope and were dropped from the sample during the interview phase.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
agriculture, mining, and construction (consumer category): Companies engaged in agriculture, mining (other than coal mining), or construction industries.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-6
aid to families with dependent children (aFdc): Federal Government program that is State or locally administered. AFDC offers financial assistance to families with children. Need is based upon (1) the incapacity or death of a parent, (2) a parent's continued absence from the home, or (3) the unemployment of a father. For a family to receive AFDC, at least one child of the household must be 18 or under or under 21 and in school. Most AFDC families have female heads. If the male head is present, however, he is likely to be incapacitated or unemployed.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H
air cleaner: A device using filters or electrostatic precipitators to remove indoor-air pollutants such as tobacco smoke, dust, and pollen. Most portable units are 40 watts when operated on low speed and 100 watts on high speed.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H
air collector: A medium-temperature collector used predominantly in space heating, utilizing pumped air as the heat-transfer medium.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: CE-63A, DOE/EIA-0174*
air conditioned rooms: The number of rooms the air-conditioning equipment is capable of cooling when the equipment is used.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314*, DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
air conditioning (1): See Cooling, as used in DOE/EIA-0246.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
air conditioning (2): Cooling and dehumidification of the air in a building by a refrigeration unit driven by electricity or gas. This definition excludes fans, blowers, or evaporative cooling systems ("swamp coolers") that are not connected to a refrigeration unit.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
air conditioning intensity: The ratio of air-conditioning consumption or expenditures to square footage of cooled floorspace and cooling degree-days (base 65 degrees F). This intensity provides a way of comparing different types of housing units and households by controlling for differences in housing unit size and weather conditions. The square footage of cooled floorspace is equal to the product of the total square footage times the ratio of the number of rooms that could be cooled to the total number of rooms. If the entire housing unit is cooled, the cooled floorspace is the same as the total floorspace. The ratio is calculated on a weighted, aggregate basis according to this formula:
Air- Btu for Air Conditioning
Conditioning = ------------------------------
Intensity (Cooled Square Feet * Cooling Degree-Days)
See Air conditioning, Air conditioned rooms, and Cooling degree-days.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
air conditioning usage: The way the central air conditioner or the most-
used-room air conditioner was used during the summer of 1990. When a household had both a central air conditioner and a room air conditioner, the tabulation was based on the use of the central air conditioner, not the room air conditioner. Some households responded "other" to this question of "use last summer"; these were mainly households that said they did not live in their house last summer. Some households responded that they did not use their air conditioner at all last summer but said that they "usually" air condition some rooms. (See Air-Conditioned Rooms.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314
air ducts or air-handling units: A method for channeling warm or cool air to different parts of a building. The process of moving the conditioned air often involves drawing air over heating or cooling coils and forcing it from a central location through ducts or air-handling units. Air-handling units are hidden in the walls or ceilings, where they use steam or hot water to heat the air or chilled water to cool the air, inside the duct work. (See Cooling, Duct, and Space Heating.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
air pollution abatement equipment: Equipment used to reduce or eliminate airborne pollutants, including particulate matter (dust, smoke, fly, ash, dirt, etc.), sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, odors, and other pollutants. Examples of air pollution abatement structures and equipment include flue-gas particulate collectors, flue-gas desulfurization units and nitrogen oxide control devices.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-767
alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules vary in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group; CH(3)-
(CH(2))n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol).
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0202, DOE/EIA-0219*, DOE/EIA-0340*, DOE/EIA-0384, DOE/EIA-0520*, DOE/EIA-0545*
alkylate: The product of an alkylation reaction. It usually refers to the high-octane product from alkylation units. This alkylate is used in blending high octane gasoline.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340
alkylation: A refining process for chemically combining isobutane with olefin hydrocarbons (e.g., propylene, butylene) through the control of temperature and pressure in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product, alkylate, an isoparaffin, has high octane value and is blended with motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545
all-electric home: A residence in which electricity is used for the main source of energy for space heating, water heating, and cooking. Other fuels may be used for supplementary heating or other purposes.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
allowance for all funds during construction: This amount should include the monthly credits for allowance for funds, including other funds and borrowed funds, used during construction.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-826
allowance for funds used during construction (aFUdc): A noncash item representing the estimated composite interest costs of debt and a return on equity funds used to finance construction. The allowance is capitalized in the property accounts and included in income.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0455*, DOE/EIA-0348/2
alternate energy source for primary heater: The fuel that would be used in place of the usual main heating fuel if the building had to switch fuels. (See Fuel-Switching Capability.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0318
alternating current (ac): An electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals.
OPI: EI-70
Sources:
alternative fuel (1): Alternative fuels include the following:
- - methanol
- - denatured ethanol, and other alcohols
- - fuel mixtures containing 85 percent or more by volume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels
-- natural gas
- - liquefied petroleum gas (propane)
- - hydrogen
- - coal-derived liquid fuels
- - fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials (biofuels such as soy diesel fuel)
- - electricity (including electricity from solar energy.)
"... any other fuel the Secretary determines, by rule, is substantially not petroleum and would yield substantial energy security benefits and substantial environmental benefits." The term "alternative fuel" does not include alcohol or other blended portions of primarily petroleum-
based fuels used as oxygenates or extenders, i.e. MTBE, ETBE, other ethers, and the 10-
percent ethanol portion of gasohol.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
alternative fuel (2): Methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols, mixtures containing 85 percent or more (or such other percentage, but not less than 70 percent) by volume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels; natural gas; liquefied petroleum gas; hydrogen; coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials; and electricity (including electricity from solar energy).
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-176
alternative fuel vehicle converter: An organization (including companies, government agencies and utilities), or individual that performs conversions involving alternative alternative fuel vehicles. An AFV converter can convert (1) conventionally fueled vehicles to AFVs, (2) AFVs to conventionally fueled vehicles, or (3) AFVs to use another alternative fuel.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
alternative fuel vehicle: A vehicle that operates on an alternative fuel exclusively (a dedicated AFV), or operates with a combination of alternative and conventional fuels (bi-fuel or flexible fuel).
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
alternative-fuel vehicle: A vehicle that is capable of being fueled by an alternative fuel. This category of vehicle includes dual-fuel vehicles as well was dedicated vehicles.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-176
alternative-rate dsM program assistance: A DSM program assistance that offers special rate structures or discounts on the consumer's monthly electric bill in exchange for participation in DSM programs aimed at cutting peak demands or changing load shape. These rates are intended to reduce consumer bills and shift hours of operation of equipment from on-
peak to off-peak periods through the application of time-differentiated rates. For example, utilities often pay consumers several dollars a month (refund on their monthly electric bill) for participation in a load control program. Large commercial and industrial cusumers sometimes obtain interruptible rates, which provide a discount in return for the consumer's agreement to cut electric loads upon request from the utility (usually during critical periods, such as summer afternoons when the system demand approaches the utility's generating capability). (See DSM Program Assistance.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
aluminum, asbestos, plastic, or wood siding, shingles, or shakes: The outside surface made of aluminum, asbestos, plastic, or wood. May be applied in the form of siding, shingles, or shakes. Siding is generally produced in the shape of boards applied to the outside of a building in overlapping rows. Shingles are thin, wedge-
shaped pieces of material laid with others in a series of overlapping rows as a covering for roofs and the sides of buildings. Shakes differ from shingles in that they have textured grooves and a rough or "split" appearance.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
american indian or alaskan native: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, and who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition.
OPI: EI-70
Sources:
amorphous silicon: An alloy of silica and hydrogen, with a disordered, noncrystalline internal atomic arrangement, that can be deposited in thin-film layers (a few micrometers in thickness) by a number of deposition methods to produce thin-
film photovoltaic cells on glass, metal, or plastic substrates.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: CE-63B, DOE/EIA-0174
amortization: The depreciation, depletion, or charge-off to expense of intangible and tangible assets over a period of time. In the extractive industries, the term is most frequently applied to mean either (1) the periodic charge-off to expense of the costs associated with nonproducing mineral properties incurred prior to the time when they are developed and entered into production or (2) the systematic charge-off to expense of those costs of productive mineral properties (including tangible and intangible costs of prospecting, acquisition, exploration, and development) that had been initially capitalized (or deferred) prior to the time the properties entered into production, and thereafter are charged off as minerals are produced.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0455*
ampd: Average miles driven per day.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
ampere: The unit of measurement of electrical current produced in a circuit by 1 volt acting through a resistance of 1 OHM.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0348/2
annual operating factor: The annual fuel consumption divided by the product of design firing rate and hours of operation per year.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-767
annual requirement: The reporting company's best estimate of the annual requirement for natural gas to make direct sales or sales for resale under certificate authorizations and for company use and unaccounted-for gas during the year next following the current report year.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: FERC-15, DOE/EIA-0167*
ansi assembly identifier: The serial numbering scheme adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to ensure uniqueness of an assembly serial number.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: RW-859
anthracite +: A hard, black, lustrous coal containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. It is often referred to as hard coal.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0552
anthracite: A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Comprises three groups classified according to the following ASTM Specification D388-91a, on a dry mineral-matter-free basis:
Fixed
Carbon Volatile
Limits Matter
GE LT GT LE
Meta-Anthracite 98 - - 2
Anthracite 92 98 2 8
Semianthracite 86 92 8 14
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0118*, DOE/EIA-0121*, DOE/EIA-0125*, DOE/EIA-0191*, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0219*, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0455*, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0552*, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
any use that requires special ventilation equipment, such as laboratories or "clean rooms": Refers to parts of buildings that have special ventilation equipment for controlling or maintaining the temperature, humidity, or cleanliness of the air. Besides laboratories, examples of spaces with special ventilation requirements include dry cleaning establishments, enclosed parking garages, auto body repair shops, operating rooms in hospitals, and kitchens in full-service restaurants. This special ventilation equipment includes: fume hoods, safety cabinets, ventilation fans, diffusers, exhaust air system, exhaust fans, and supply fans. NOTE: To be considered special ventilation equipment, a fan must be attached to ducts and these ducts must be ducted to the outside. The term "fan" does not refer to a wall or ceiling fan that is a large version of the portable fans you might see in a home or office or a "whole house fan." This type of fan is not considered special ventilation equipment.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
api gravity: American Petroleum Institute measure of specific gravity of crude oil or condensate in degrees. An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API; it is calculated as follows:
Degrees API = (141.5 / sp.gr.60 deg.F/60 deg.F) - 131.5
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0340*, DOE/EIA-0380*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0487*, DOE/EIA-0523*, DOE/EIA-0545*
api: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0384
apparent consumption, (coal): Coal production plus imports of coal, coke, and briquets minus exports of coal, coke, and briquets plus or minus stock changes. Note: The sum of "Production" and "Imports" less "Exports" may not equal "Consumption" due to changes in stocks, losses, unaccounted-for coal, and special arrangements such as the United States shipments of anthracite to United States Armed Forces in Europe.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0219
apparent consumption, natural gas (international): The total of an individual nation's dry natural gas production plus imports less exports.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0384
apparent consumption, petroleum (international): Consumption that includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering. For countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), apparent consumption is derived from refined product output plus refined product imports minus refined product exports plus refined product stock changes plus other oil consumption (such as direct use of crude oil). For countries outside the OECD, apparent consumption is either a reported figure or is derived from refined product output plus refined product imports minus refined product exports, with stock levels assumed to remain the same. Apparent consumption also includes, where available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants for fuel or chemical uses.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0384
appliance efficiency index: A relative comparison of trends in new-model efficiencies for major appliances and energy-
using equipment. The base year for relative comparisons was 1972 (1972=100). Efficiencies for each year were efficiencies of different model types that were weighted by their market shares.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314
appliance efficiency standards: The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 established minimum efficiency standards for major home appliances, including furnaces, central and room air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, dishwashers, and heat pumps. Most of the standards took effect in 1990. The standards for clothes washers, dishwashers, and ranges took effect in 1988, because they required only minor changes in product design, such as eliminating pilot lights and requiring cold water rinse options. The standards for central air conditioners and furnaces took effect in 1992, because it took longer to redesign these products. Appliance efficiency standards for refrigerators took effect in 1993.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314*
appliances used: Appliances possessed and used by the household during the year. Appliances posessed by the household but not used are not counted. Appliances loaned to the household for its regular use are included. Appliances temporarily not in working condition but generally used by the household are included only if a repair person has been called or the appliance has been taken to a repair shop. The following list of appliances are specified: refrigerator, swimming pool, hot tub, jacuzzi heaters, stove top burners, ovens (excluding toaster ovens), microwave ovens, outdoor gas grills, clothes washers, dishwashers, clothes dryers, outdoor gas lights, dehumidifiers, humidifiers, evaporative coolers, fans, electric blankets, water-bed heaters, and television sets. Swimming pool, hot tub, or jacuzzi heaters are included only if they are for the exclusive use of the housing unit; those heaters that are for the use of many resident households (such as those in apartment buildings, condominiums, or cooperatives) are excluded. The "range" (stove-
top burners) and "oven" are considered two separate appliances, although they are often purchased as one appliance. See Refrigerator and Evaporative Cooler.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
appliances: Appliances used in the home during the year, including those loaned to the householder for regular use. Appliances possessed by the household but not used are not counted, except for air-conditioning equipment. Appliances temporarily not in working condition but generally used by the household are included only if a repair person has been called or the appliance has been taken to a repair shop.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314*, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
aromatics: Hydrocarbons characterized by unsaturated ring structures of carbon atoms. Commercial petroleum aromatics are benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX).
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545
as received coal: Coal in the condition as received by the user.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
asbestos: A group of naturally occurring minerals that separate into long, thin fibers. Asbestos was used for many years to insulate and fireproof buildings. In the 1989 CBECS, information on asbestos in buildings was collected (Section R of the Buildings Questionnaire) for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Asbestos treatment methods include removal, encapsulation or sealing, and enclosure behind a permanent barrier. Types of asbestos that may be found in buildings are:
a. Heating or cooling system insulation wrap--
refers to asbestos-containing building material (ACBM) applied to pipes, boilers, tanks, ducts, or other structural components to prevent heat loss or gain, or water condensation. This insulation was typically made in pre-formed sections for either pipes or boilers and tanks. It is commonly chalky white in appearance with a plaster-saturated canvas used as a final wrap.
b. Sprayed on or trowelled on surfacing material--refers to ACBM such as acoustic plaster on ceilings or fire- proofing on structural members such as I-beams and decking. While the main use is thermal insulation, the material may also provide acoustic insulation and a decorative finish. Sprayed coatings typically have a rough, fluffy appearance while trowelled coatings have a smoother finish and may be covered with a layer of plaster or other nonasbestos material. Ceiling tiles--refer to ceiling tiles that contain asbestos. The asbestos was added to strengthen the tiles and to provide acoustic insulation and fireproofing.
d. Flooring tiles--refer to vinyl flooring tiles to which asbestos has been added as a strengthening agent. Asbestos may also be present in the backing of vinyl sheet flooring.
e. Some other form--refers to ACBM used in such building materials as wall- board and cement pipes.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
ash: Impurities consisting of silica, iron, alumina, and other noncombustible matter that are contained in coal. Ash increases the weight of coal, adds to the cost of handling, and can affect its burning characteristics. Ash content is measured as a percent by weight of coal on an "as received" or a "dry" (moisture-free, usually part of a laboratory analysis) basis.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0121, DOE/EIA-0191, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0348/2
asian or pacific islander: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, or the Pacific Islands. This area includes, for example, China, India, Japan, Korea, the Phillippine Islands, and Samoa.
OPI: EI-70
Sources: OMBDirective15
asphalt (natural): A natural mineral pitch, tar, or bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbons, a natural bituminous rock of dark color comparatively hard and nonvolatile. Does not include asphalt, bitumen, tar, etc. derived from petroleum processing.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0219
asphalt (refined): A dark brown to black solid or semi-solid material obtained from petroleum processing in which the predominate component is bitumen. Used mainly in road construction.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0219
asphalt, fiberglass, or other shingles: See Shingles.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
asphalt: A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing. The definition includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0376*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0545*
assembly identifier: A unique string of alphanumeric characters that identifies an assembly, bundle, or canister for a specific reactor in which it has been irradiated.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: RW-859
assembly type: Each assembly is characterized by a fabricator, rod-array size, and model type. An eight-digit assembly type code is assigned to each assembly type based on certain distinguishing characteristics, such as the number of rods per assembly, fuel rod diameter, cladding type, materials used in fabrication, and other design features.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: RW-859
assessment work: The annual or biennial work performed on a mining claim (or claims), after claim location and before patent, to benefit or develop the claim and to protect it from relocation by third parties.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-858
asset: An economic resource, tangible or intangible, which is expected to provide benefits to a business.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0348/2
assistance for heating in winter: Assistance from the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). The purpose of LIHEAP is to assist eligible households to meet the costs of home energy, i.e., a source of heating or cooling residential buildings.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
assistance for weatherization of residence: The household received services free, or at a reduced cost, from the Federal, State, or local Government. Any of the following services could have been received:
- Insulation in the attic, outside wall, or basement/crawlspace below the floor of the house
- Insulation around the hot water heater
- Repair of broken windows or doors to keep out the cold or hot weather
- Weather stripping or caulking around any windows or doors to the outside
- Storm doors or windows added
- Repair of broken furnace
- Furnace tuneup and/or modifications
- Other home energy-saving devices.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
associated company (affiliated): A company that is either directly or indirectly controlled by or owned by another firm or holding company.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
associated gas: Gas produced in a field containing both oil and gas. The field is developed primarily for extraction of crude oil.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0219
astm: The acronym for the American Society for Testing and Materials.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-782A, EIA-782B, EIA-782C, EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-821, EIA-863, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0376*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0535
atmospheric crude oil distillation: The refining process of separating crude oil components at atmospheric pressure by heating to temperatures of about 600 degrees to 750 degrees Fahrenheit (depending on the nature of the crude oil and desired products) and subsequent condensing of the fractions by cooling.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545*
attic exhaust fan: Removes hot air from the attic by an electric powered fan.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H
attic insulation: Insulating materials in the attic, placed either underneath the roof, on the roof, or on the floor of the attic. See Ceiling Insulation and Roof Insulation.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314*
auger mine: A surface mine in which the coal bed is removed by means of a large diameter drill. Usually operated only when the overburden becomes too thick for economical strip mining.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-7A, DOE/EIA-0118*
authorization form: The one-page form signed by the respondent that gives permission to ask the energy supplier for information about the energy used in the housing unit and about participation in special programs such as audit, DSM, and energy assistance programs. The form contains the name of each energy supplier.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0314*, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
authorized cash distribution to municipality: The authorized cash distributions to the municipality from the earned surplus of the utility department.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-412
automatic set-back or clock thermostat: A thermostat that can be set to turn the heating/cooling system off and on at certain predetermined times.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314
automobile and truck classifications: Vehicle classifications for automobiles and light-duty trucks were obtained from the EPA mileage guide book. Almost every year there are small changes in the classifications, therefore the categories will change accordingly. The EPA mileage guide can be found at any new car dealership.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
automobile: Includes standard passenger car, two-seater car and station wagons; excludes passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar vehicles. See Vehicles.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H
availability of natural gas in the neighborhood: Respondents are asked, "Is gas from underground pipes available in this neighborhood?" The meaning of "available" and "neighborhood" is left to individual interpretation by the respondents. The intent of this question is to determine whether a residence could be "readily" hooked up to a gas line.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314*, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2
available but not needed capability: Net capability of main generating units that are operable but not considered necessary to carry load and cannot be connected to load within 30 minutes.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0348/2
average daily production: The ratio of the total production at a mining operation to the total number of production days worked at the operation.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118
average delivered price: The weighted average of all contract-price commitments and market-price settlements in a delivery year.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0478
average household energy expenditures: A ratio estimate defined as the total household energy expenditures divided by the total number of households. See Ratio Estimate and Combined Household Energy Expenditures.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
average mine price: The ratio of the total value of the coal produced at the mine to the total production tonnage. (See f.o.b. mine price.)
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118
average production per miner per day: The product of the average production per miner per hour at a mining operation and the average length of a production shift at the operation.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118
average production per miner per hour: The ratio of the total production at a mining operation to the total direct labor hours worked at the operation.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118
average revenue per kilowatthour: The average revenue per kilowatthour of electricity sold by sector (residential, commercial, industrial, or other) and geographic area (State, Census division, and national) is calculated by dividing the total monthly revenue by the corresponding total monthly sales for each sector and geographic area.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0348/2
average stream flow: The rate, usually expressed in cubic feet per second, at which water passes a given point in a stream over a set period of time.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2
average vehicle fuel consumption: A ratio estimate defined as total gallons of fuel consumed by all vehicles divided by: (1) the total number of vehicles (for average fuel consumption per vehicle) or (2) the total number of households (for average fuel consumption per household). See Ratio Estimate.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
average vehicle miles traveled: A ratio estimate defined as total miles traveled by all vehicles, divided by: (1) the total number of vehicles (for average miles traveled per vehicle) or (2) the total number of households (for average miles traveled per household). See Ratio Estimate and Vehicle Miles Traveled.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
average water conditions: The amount and distribution of precipitation within a drainage basin and the run-off conditions present as determined by reviewing the area water supply records over a long period of time.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0455
aviation gasoline (finished): All special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines, as given in ASTM Specification D910 and Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Excludes blending components that will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-782A, EIA-782C, EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0035, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0380, DOE/EIA-0384, DOE/EIA-0487
aviation gasoline blending components: Naphthas that will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0340*, DOE/EIA-0376*
aviation gasoline: Special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Finished aviation gasoline excludes blending components (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, and reformate) that will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0219*, DOE/EIA-0376*, DOE/EIA-0545
backup fuel: In a central heat pump system, the fuel used in the furnace that takes over the space heating when the outdoor temperature drops below that which is feasible to operate a heat pump. See Heat Pump.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314
backup power: Electric energy supplied by a utility to replace power and energy lost during an unscheduled equipment outage.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
balancing item: Represents differences between the sum of the components of natural gas supply and the sum of the components of natural gas disposition. These differences may be due to quantities lost or to the effects of data reporting problems. Reporting problems include differences due to the net result of conversions of flow data metered at varying temperature and pressure bases and converted to a standard temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations in company accounting and billing practices; differences between billing cycle and calendar period time frames; and imbalances resulting from the merger of data reporting systems that vary in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: DOE/EIA-0130, DOE/EIA-0131, DOE/EIA-0538
ballast: See High-Efficiency Ballast.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
baltic states: Consists of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
OPI: EI-20
Sources:
barrel +: One barrel of crude oil contains 42 gallons.
OPI: EI-40,EI-50, EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0191*, DOE/EIA-0208*, DOE/EIA-0226*, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0380, DOE/EIA-0455*, DOE/EIA-0487, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0538*, DOE/EIA-0545*, DOE/EIA-0552*, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
barrel - (petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0035, DOE/EIA-0214, DOE/EIA-0376, DOE/EIA-0384
barrel: A volumetric unit of measure for crude oil and petroleum products equivalent to 42 U.S. gallons. This measure is used in most statistical reports. Factors for converting petroleum coke, asphalt, still gas, and wax to barrels are given in the definitions of these products.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340
barrels per calendar day (1): The maximum number of barrels of input that can be processed during a 24-hour period after making allowances for the following limitations: the capability of downstream facilities to absorb the output of crude oil processing facilities of a given refinery. No reduction is made when a planned distribution of intermediate streams through other than downstream facilities is part of a refinery's normal operation; the types and grades of inputs to be processed; the types and grades of products expected to be manufactured; the environmental constraints associated with refinery operations; the reduction of capacity for scheduled downtime such as routine inspection, mechanical problems, maintenance, repairs, and tunaround; and the reduction of capacity for unscheduled downtime such as mechanical problems, repairs, and slowdowns.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545
barrels per calendar day (2): Represents the maximum number of barrels of input to crude oil processing units that can be processed in an average 24-hour period after making allowances for downstream limitations, environmental constraints, types and grades of inputs, planned and unplanned downtime, and types and grades of products. The calculation should be based upon the daily capacities available throughout the year. For example, a 100 M barrel-per-day capacity refinery, which was shut down for 4 months, would be expressed as 67 M barrels.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
barrels per calendar day (operable refinery capacity): The maximum number of barrels of input that can be processed during a 24-hour period after making allowances for the following limitations: the capability of downstream facilities to absorb the output of crude oil processing facilities of a given refinery (no reduction is made when a planned distribution of intermediate streams through other than downstream facilities is part of a refinery's normal operation); the types and grades of inputs to be processed; the types and grades of products to be processed; the types and grades of products to be manufactured; the environmental constraints associated with refinery operations; the reduction of capacity for scheduled downtime, such as routine inspection, mechanical problems, maintenance repairs, and turnaround; and the reduction of capacity for unscheduled downtime such as mechanical problems, repairs, and slowdowns.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0214, DOE/EIA-0384
barrels per stream day (operable refinery capacity): The maximum number of barrels of input that can be processed in an atmospheric distillation facility running at full capacity under optimal crude and product slate conditions with no allowance for downtime.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0214
barrels per stream day: The amount a unit can process running at full capacity under optimal crude oil and product slate conditions.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545
base (cushion) gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory to maintain adequate reservoir pressures and deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included in the base gas volume.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-191, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0130*, DOE/EIA-0384*
base bill: A charge calculated by taking the rate from the appropriate electric rate schedule and applying it to the level of consumption.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0540, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
base load capacity: The generating equipment normally operated to serve loads on an around-the-clock basis.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0531*, DOE/EIA-0348/2
base load plant: A plant, usually housing high-efficiency steam-
electric units, which is normally operated to take all or part of the minimum load of a system, and which consequently produces electricity at an essentially constant rate and runs continuously. These units are operated to maximize system mechanical and thermal efficiency and minimize system operating costs.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0531*, DOE/EIA-0348/2
base load: The minimum amount of electric power delivered or required over a given period of time at a steady rate.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0348/2
base period: The period of time for which data used as the base of an index number, or other ratio, have been collected. This period is frequently one of a year but it may be as short as one day or as long as the average of a group of years. The length of the base period is governed by the nature of the material under review, the purpose for which the index number (or ratio) is being compiled, and the desire to use a period as free as possible from abnormal influences in order to avoid bias.
OPI: EI-70
Sources: ISBN0-470-21349-3
base rate: A fixed-per-kilowatthour charge for electricity consumed that is independent of other charges and/or adjustments.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531*, DOE/EIA-0540
baseboard heater: As a type of heating equipment, a system in which either electric resistance coils or finned tubes carrying steam or hot water are mounted behind shallow panels along baseboards. Baseboards rely on passive convection to distribute heated air in the space. Electric baseboards are an example of an "Individual Space Heater." (See Individual Space Heater.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
basement: An enclosed space in which a person can walk upright under all or part of the building.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314
basic royalty: A guaranteed minimum amount of royalty income that a royalty owner is to receive under the terms of the lease agreement, regardless of the royalty owner's share of actual proceeds from the sale of production. A minimum royalty may or may not be recoverable out of future production.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
bathroom: A full bathroom contains a sink with running water, a flush toilet, and a bathtub or shower. A half bathroom contains a toilet or bathtub or shower.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H
bbl: The abbreviation for barrel.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0191, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0348/2
bcf: The abbreviation for billion cubic feet.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0191, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0348/2
bedroom: Room intended for sleeping, even if not presently used for sleeping. Number of bedrooms are those that would be listed as descriptive of the apartment or house if it were on the market for sale or rent. A one-room efficiency or studio apartment has no bedrooms.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314
benzene (C6.H&sub6.): An aromatic hydrocarbon present in small proportion in some crude oils and made commercially from petroleum by the catalytic reforming of naphthenes in petroleum naphtha. Also made from coal in the manufacture of coke. Used as a solvent in the manufacture of detergents, synthetic fibers, and petrochemicals and as a component of high-octane gasoline.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, EIA-800, EIA-801, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0340*, DOE/EIA-0545*
bi-fuel vehicle: A motor vehicle that operates on two different fuels, but not on a mixture of the fuels. Each fuel is stored in a separate tank.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
billing period: The time between meter readings. It does not refer to the time when the bill was sent or when the payment was to have been received. In some cases, the billing period is the same as the billing cycle that corresponds closely (within several days) to meter-reading dates. For fuel oil and LPG, the billing period is the number of days between fuel deliveries.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
biodiesel: Any liquid biofuel suitable as a diesel fuel substitute or diesel fuel additive or extender. Biodiesel fuels are typically made from oils such as soybeans, rapeseed, or sunflowers, or from animal tallow. Biodiesel can also be made from hydrocarbons derived from agricultural products such as rice hulls.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
biofuels (1): Wood, waste, and alcohol fuels.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0384
biofuels (2): Liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass feedstocks, primarily used for transportation.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-886
biomass gas: A medium Btu gas containing methane and carbon dioxide, resulting from the action of microorganisms on organic materials such as a landfill.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: DOE/EIA-0131
biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy source.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0512, DOE/EIA-0515, DOE/EIA-0552
bitumen: A naturally occurring viscous mixture, mainly of hydrocarbons heavier than pentane, that may contain sulphur compounds and that, in its natural occurring viscous state, is not recoverable at a commercial rate through a well.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0219
bituminous coal +: The most common coal. It is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. It is used for generating electricity, making coke, and space heating.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0191*, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0219*, DOE/EIA-0226*, DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0552*, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
bituminous coal: The most common coal. It is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content is usually less than 20 percent. It is used for generating electricity, making coke, and space heating. Comprises five groups classified according to ASTM Specification D-388-9la, on a dry mineral-
matter-free mmf basis for fixed-carbon and volatile matter and a moist mmf basis for calorific value. Coals having 69 percent or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-
free basis shall be classified according to fixed carbon, regardless of calorific (heating) value. High-volatile C bituminous coal is agglomerating, but other bituminous coals are commonly agglomerating. However, it is recognized that there may be nonagglomerating varieties in these groups of the bituminous class, and there are notable exceptions in the high-volatile C bituminous group. Coals with less than 69 percent fixed carbon, but with 14,000 or more Btu per pound, are classified as high-volatile A bituminous.
Fixed Volatile Calorific Carbon Matter Value Limits Limits Limits GE LT GT LT GE LE lv 78 86 14 22 - - mv 69 78 22 31 - - hvA - 69 31 - 14000 - hvB - - - - 13000 14000 hvC - - - - 10500 13000 lv = Low-volatile bituminous coal mv = Medium-
volatile bituminous coal hvA = High-volatile A bituminous coal hvB = High-volatile B bituminous coal hvC = high-volatile C bituminous coal GE = Greater than or equal to LT = Less than GT = Greater than LE = Less than or equal to
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118, DOE/EIA-0121*, DOE/EIA-0125*, DOE/EIA-0191*, DOE/EIA-0226*, DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0455*, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
black lung benefits: In the content of the coal operation statement of income, this term refers to all payments, including taxes, made by the company attributable to Black Lung.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
black: A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
OPI: EI-70
Sources: OMBDirective15
blast furnace gas: The waste combustible gas generated in a blast furnace when iron ore is being reduced with coke to metallic iron. It is commonly used as a fuel within steel works.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0512, DOE/EIA-0515, DOE/EIA-0552
blast furnace: A furnace in which solid fuel (coke) is burned with an air blast to smelt ore.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095, DOE/EIA-0121, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0552*
blending components: See Motor or Aviation Gasoline Blending Components.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825
blending plant: A facility that has no refining capability but is either capable of producing finished motor gasoline through mechanical blending or blends oxygenates with motor gasoline.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0340*
block rate schedule: An electric rate schedule with a provision for charging a different unit cost for various increasing blocks of demand or energy. Usually a reduced price is charged on succeeding blocks.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0540
block-rate structure: An electric rate schedule with a provision for charging a different unit cost for various increasing blocks of demand for energy. A reduced rate is charged on succeeding blocks.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
bls: Bureau of Labor Statistics within the U.S. Department of Labor.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
boiler fuel: An energy source to produce heat that is transferred to the boiler vessel in order to generate steam or hot water. Fossil fuel is the primary energy source used to produce heat for boilers.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
boiler: A device for generating steam for power, processing, or heating purposes; or hot water for heating purposes or hot water supply. Heat from an external combustion source is transmitted to a fluid contained within the tubes found in the boiler shell. This fluid is delivered to an end-use at a desired pressure, temperature, and quality.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
boiling-water reactor (bwr): A light-water reactor in which water, used as both coolant and moderator, is allowed to boil in the core. The resulting steam can be used directly to drive a turbine.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095, DOE/EIA-0436
bonded petroleum imports: Petroleum imported and entered into Customs bonded storage. These imports are not included in the import statistics until they are: (1) withdrawn from storage free of duty for use as fuel for vessels and aircraft engaged in international trade; or (2) withdrawn from storage with duty paid for domestic use.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0340
bone coal: Coal with a high ash content; it is dull in appearance, hard, and compact.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
book value: The portion of the carrying value (other than the portion associated with tangible assets) prorated in each accounting period, for financial reporting purposes, to the extracted portion of an economic interest in a wasting natural resource. (See Depletion (1).)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206
booked costs: Costs allocated or assigned to inter-
departmental or intracompany transactions, such as on-system or SNG production and company-owned gas used in gas operations and recorded in company books or records for accounting and/or regulatory purposes.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-176
borderline customer: A customer located in the service area of one utility, but supplied by a neighboring utility through an arrangement between the utilities.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank or cylinder until used.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
bottled gas: See Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0318*
bottom ash: Residue mainly from the coal burning process that falls to the bottom of the boiler for removal and disposal.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-767
bottom-hole contribution: A payment (either in cash or in acreage) that is required by agreement when a test well is drilled to a specified depth regardless of the outcome of the well and that is made in exchange for well and evaluation data. (See Dry-
Hole Contribution and Test Well Contribution).
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
branded product: A refined petroleum product sold by a refiner with the understanding that the purchaser has the right to resell the product under a trademark, trade name, service mark, or other identifying symbol or names owned by such refiner.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206
break-even cutoff grade: The lowest grade of material that can be mined and processed considering all applicable costs, without incurring a loss or gaining a profit.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-858
breccia: A coarse-grained clastic rock, composed of angular broken rock fragments held together by a mineral cement or in a fine-grained matrix.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0478
breeder reactor: A reactor that both produces and consumes fissionable fuel, especially one that creates more fuel than it consumes. The new fissionable material is created by a process known as breeding, in which neutrons from fission are captured in fertile materials.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0436
breeze: The fine screenings from crushed coke. Usually breeze will pass through a 1/2-inch or 3/4-inch screen opening. It is most often used as a fuel source in the process of agglomerating iron ore.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0121, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0552*
brick, stone, stucco, or other masonry: The outside surface material is brick, stone, stucco or other masonry. Masonry is a general term covering all construction using masonry units such as brick, concrete block, stone, tile, etc., that are set in mortar.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
british thermal unit (Btu): The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. (See Btu.)
OPI: EI-40,EI-50, EI-60
Sources: EIA-176, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0064*, DOE/EIA-0095, DOE/EIA-0118*, DOE/EIA-0121*, DOE/EIA-0130*, DOE/EIA-0131*, DOE/EIA-0174, DOE/EIA-0191, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0376*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0464*, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0552*, DOE/EIA-0348/2
btu conversion factor: See Conversion Factor.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
btu conversion factors (1): The Btu conversion factors are as follows:
- -----------------------------------------------
------------------------
Btu Equivalent Unit
- -----------------------------------------------
------------------------
Electricity 3,412 Kilowatthour
Natural Gas 1,030 cubic foot
Distillate Fuel Oils
(Nos. 1,2, and 4) 138,690 gallon
Residual Fuel Oils (Nos. 5 and 6) 149,690 gallon
Kerosene 135,000 gallon
District heat (Steam and Hot Water) 1,000 pound
- -----------------------------------------------
------------------
Note: Btu of district hot water have been converted into equivalent pounds of steam using the conversion 1,000 Btu hot water = 1 pound steam. Sources: Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review (June 1991), pp. 125-129 for electricity, natural gas, distillate, residual, and kerosene; and Methodological Issues In the Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (September 1983) pp. 173-175 for district steam.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0318
btu conversion factors: Btu conversion factors for site energy are as follows:
Electricity........ 3,412 Btu/kilowatthour
Natural Gas........ 1,031 Btu/cubic foot
Fuel Oil No.1...... 135,000 Btu/gallon
Kerosene........... 135,000 Btu/gallon
Fuel Oil No.2...... 138,690 Btu/gallon
LPG (Propane)...... 91,330 Btu/gallon
Wood..................... 20 million Btu/cord
Other conversion factors used in this report include: 1 therm = 100,000 Btu 1 barrel = 42 gallons
Because almost all LPG reported by the fuel suppliers was proprane, the LPG conversion factor is that for propane. See Wood Conversion to Btu, Site Energy, and Conversion Factor.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
btu per cubic foot: The total heating value, expressed in Btu, produced by the combustion, at constant pressure, of the amount of the gas that would occupy a volume of 1 cubic foot at a temperature of 60 degrees F if saturated with water vapor and under a pressure equivalent to that of 30 inches of mercury at 32 degrees F and under standard gravitational force (980.665 cm. per sec. squared) with air of the same temperature and pressure as the gas, when the products of combustion are cooled to the initial temperature of gas and air when the water formed by combustion is condensed to the liquid state. (Sometimes called gross heating value or total heating value.)
OPI: EI-40
Sources: FERC-2
btx: The acronym for the commercial petroleum aromatics--benzene, toluene, and xylene. See individual categories for definitions.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340
budget plan: An agreement between the household and the utility company or fuel supplier that allows the household to pay the same amount for fuel for each month for a number of months.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
building energy manager: A person whose chief day-to-day responsibility is the physical operation and maintenance of the building's heating and/or cooling equipment. (See Energy Management Practices.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
building shape: The shape of the building that mostly resembles the floorplan of the building. This is often referred to as the "footprint" of the building. For the CBECS Survey, the following shapes were asked: square, rectangle, rectangle or square with courtyard, right angle (L shape) and H, U, E, T, L and cross shapes.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
building shell (envelope) DSM program: A DSM program that promotes reduction of energy consumption through improvements to the building envelope. Includes installations of insulation, weatherstripping, caulking, window film, and window replacement. (See Building Shell (Envelope) and DSM Programs.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
building shell (envelope): The thermal envelope of the building, that is, the roof, exterior walls, and bottom floors that enclose conditioned space through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
building shell conservation feature: A building feature designed to reduce energy loss or gain through the shell or envelope of the building. Data collected on the following specific building shell energy conservation features: roof, ceiling, or wall insulation; storm windows or double- or triple-paned glass (multiple glazing); tinted or reflective glass or shading films; exterior or interior shadings or awnings; and weather stripping or caulking. (See Roof or Ceiling Insulation, Wall Insulation, Reflective or Shading Glass or Film, Storm Windows or Triple-Paned Glass, Building Shell (Envelope), Exterior or Interior Shadings or Awnings, and Weather Stripping or Caulking.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
building: A structure totally enclosed by walls extending from the foundation to the roof, containing more than 1000 square feet of floorspace, and intended for human occupancy. Structures that are included as a specific exception are parking garages not totally enclosed by walls and a roof, as well as structures erected on pillars to elevate the first fully enclosed level, but leaving the sides at ground level open. Excluded as nonbuildings are the following: structures (other than the exceptions just noted) that are not totally enclosed by walls and a roof (such as oil refineries, steel mills, and water towers); street lights, pumps, billboards, bridges, swimming pools, and construction sites, mobile homes and trailers, even if they house commercial activity; and oil storage tanks. (See Commercial Building and Nonresidential Building.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
built-in electric units: An individual-resistance electric-heating unit that is permanently installed in the floors, walls, ceilings, or baseboards and is part of the electrical installation of the building. Electric-heating devices that are plugged into an electric socket or outlet are not considered built in. (See Heating Equipment.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2
built-up (tar, felts, or fiberglass and a ballast, such as stone): A roof covering consisting of several successive layers (each of which is called a ply) usually of roofing felt with moppings of hot asphalt between layers and topped by a mineral-surfaced layer or by gravel embedded in a heavy coat of asphalt.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
built-up roof: A roof covering consisting of several successive layers (each of which is called a ply) usually of roofing felt with moppings of hot asphalt between layers and topped by a mineral-surfaced layer or by gravel embedded in a heavy coat of asphalt.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
bulk power transactions: The wholesale sale, purchase, and interchange of electricity among electric utilities. Bulk power transactions are used by electric utilities for many different aspects of electric utility operations, from maintaining load to reducing costs.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
bulk sales: Wholesale sales of gasoline in individual transactions which exceed the size of a truckload.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: DOE/EIA-0380
bulk station: A facility used primarily for the storage and/or marketing of petroleum products, which has a total bulk storage capacity of less than 50,000 barrels and receives its petroleum products by tank car or truck.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825
bulk terminal: A facility used primarily for the storage and/or marketing of petroleum products, which has a total bulk storage capacity of 50,000 barrels or more and/or receives petroleum products by tanker, barge, or pipeline.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0538, DOE/EIA-0545
bunkers: Fuels supplied to ships and aircraft in international transportation, irrespective of the flag of the carrier, consisting primarily of residual, distillate, and jet fuel oils.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0219
bureau of labor statistics (BLS) pump price series: (See Price.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
burn days: The number of days the station could continue to operate by burning coal already on hand assuming no additional deliveries of coal and an average consumption rate.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-20
burnup: Amount of thermal energy generated per unit mass of fuel, expressed as GigaWatt-Days Thermal per Metric Ton of Initial Heavy Metal (GWDT/MTIHM), rounded to the nearest gigawatt day.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: RW-859, DOE/EIA-0436*
bus: An electrical conductor that serves as a common connection for two or more electrical circuits.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
butane (C4H10): A normally gaseous straight-chain or branch-
chain hydrocarbon extracted from hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for commerical butane. Isobutane (C4H10). A normally gaseous branch- chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 10.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. Normal butane (C4H10). A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 31.1 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0202, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0219*, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0376*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0545*, DOE/EIA-0552*
butylene (C4H8): An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0376*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0545*, DOE/EIA-0552*
buy-back oil: Crude oil acquired from a host government whereby a portion of the government's ownership interest in the crude oil produced in that country may or should be purchased by the producing firm.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-856
bypassed footage: Bypassed footage is the footage in that section of hole that is abandoned as the result of remedial sidetrack drilling operations.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
byproduct: A secondary or additional product resulting from the feedstock use of energy or the processing of nonenergy materials. For example, the more common byproducts of coke ovens are coal gas, tar, and a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX).
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0512, DOE/EIA-0515, DOE/EIA-0552
c4H: A mixture of light hydrocarbons that have the general formula C4Hn, where N is the number of hydrogen atoms per molecule. Examples include butane (C4H10) and butylene (C4H8).
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0202
canadian deuterium - uranium reactor (CANDU): Uses heavy water or deuterium oxide (D2O), rather than light water (H2O), as the coolant and moderator. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen that has a different neutron absorption spectrum from that of ordinary hydrogen. In a deuterium-oxide-
moderated reactor, fuel made from natural uranium (0.71 U-235) can sustain a chain reaction.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0436
capability margin: The difference between net system capability and system peak load. Nationally, it is the difference between aggregate net system capability and the sum of system peak loads without allowance for time diversity between the loads of the individual systems. Regional computations take into account the diversity between peak loads of the systems that coordinate operations. This margin indicates the capability available to provide for scheduled maintenance, emergency outages, system operating requirements, and unforeseen loads.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
capability: The maximum load that a generating unit, generating station, or other electrical apparatus can carry under specified conditions for a given period of time without exceeding approved limits of temperature and stress.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-861, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0531
capable of being fueled: A vehicle is capable of being fueled by a particular fuel(s) if that vehicle has the engine components in place to make operation possible on the fuel(s). The vehicle does not necessarily have to run on the fuel(s) in order for that vehicle to be considered capable of being fueled by the fuel(s). For example, a vehicle that is equipped to operate on either gasoline or natural gas but normally operates on gasoline is considered to be capable of being fueled by gasoline and natural gas.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-176
capacity (1): The amount of electric power delivered or required for which a generator, turbine, transformer, transmission circuit, station, or system is rated by the manufacturer.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-867, DOE/EIA-0095, DOE/EIA-0191*, DOE/EIA-0226*, DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0436*, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0455, DOE/EIA-0531*, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
capacity (2): The highest level of output under realistic conditions.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
capacity - (purchased): The amount of energy and capacity available for purchase from outside the system.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0191, DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0348/2
capacity charge: An element in a two-part pricing method used in capacity transactions (energy charge is the other element). The capacity charge, sometimes called Demand Charge, is assessed on the amount of capacity being purchased.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0531*, DOE/EIA-0348/2
capacity factor: The ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit for the period of time considered to the electrical energy that could have been produced at continuous full-power operation during the same period.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0035, DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0384, DOE/EIA-0436*, DOE/EIA-0455*, DOE/EIA-0531*
capacity transaction: The acquisition of a specified quantity of generating capacity from another utility for a specified period of time. The utility selling the power is obligated to make available to the buyer a specified quantity of power.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
capacity, refining: The measure of capacity used on Schedule 5242 is adopted from the Form EIA-820, Annual Refinery Report.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
capital cost: Cost of mine development and mill or plant construction and the equipment required for the production of uranium from a property, excluding sunk costs.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-858
captive coal: All coal produced and consumed by the independent producer/operator or operating subsidiary or produced for consumption by a parent company.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-7A, DOE/EIA-0064*, DOE/EIA-0118*
captive refinery MTBE plants: MTBE production facilities primarily located within refineries. These integrated refinery units produce MTBE from Fluid Cat Cracker isobutylene with production dedicated to internal gasoline blending requirements.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0202
captive refinery oxygenate plants: Oxygenate production facilities located within or adjacent to a refinery complex.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804
carburetor: A fuel delivery device for producing a proper mixture of gasoline vapor and air and for delivering it to the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine. Gasoline is gravity-fed from a reservoir bowl into a throttle bore, where it is allowed to evaporate into the stream of air being inducted by the engine. See Diesel Fuel System and Fuel Injection.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0464*
carrying costs: Costs incurred in order to retain exploration and property rights after acquisition but before production has occurred. Such costs include legal costs for title defense, ad valorem taxes on nonproducing mineral properties, shut-in royalties, and delay rentals.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
cash and carry: Kerosene, fuel oil, or bottled gas (tank or propane) purchased with cash, by check, or by credit card and taken home by the purchaser. The purchaser provides the container or pays extra for the container.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H
casinghead gas (or oil well gas): Natural gas produced along with crude oil from oil wells. It contains either dissolved or associated gas or both.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-627
cast silicon: Crystalline silicon obtained by pouring pure molten silicon into a vertical mold and adjusting the temperature gradient along the mold volume during cooling to obtain slow, vertically advancing crystallization of the silicon. The polycrystalline ingot thus formed is composed of large, relatively parallel, interlocking crystals. The cast ingots are sawed into wafers for further fabrication into photovoltaic cells. Cast-silicon wafers and ribbon-silicon sheets fabricated into cells are usually referred to as polycrystalline photovoltaic cells.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: CE-63B, DOE/EIA-0174
catalyst coke: In many catalytic operations (e.g., catalytic cracking), carbon is deposited on the catalyst, thus deactivating the catalyst. The catalyst is reactivated by burning off the carbon, which is used as a fuel in the refining process. This carbon or coke is not recoverable in a concentrated form.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0340*
catalytic cracking: The refining process of breaking down the larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbon molecules into simpler and lighter molecules. Catalytic cracking is accomplished by the use of a catalytic agent and is an effective process for increasing the yield of gasoline from crude oil. Catalytic cracking processes fresh feeds and recycled feeds.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545
catalytic hydrocracking: A refining process that uses hydrogen and catalysts with relatively low temperatures and high pressures for converting middle boiling or residual material to high-octane gasoline, reformer charge stock, jet fuel, and /or high-
grade fuel oil. The process uses one or more catalysts, depending on product output, and can handle high-sulfur feedstocks without prior desulfurization.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0340*, DOE/EIA-0545*
catalytic hydrotreating: A refining process for treating petroleum fractions from atmospheric or vacuum distillation units (e.g., naphthas, middle distillates, reformer feeds, residual fuel oil, and heavy gas oil) and other petroleum (e.g., cat cracked naphtha, coker naphtha, gas oil, etc.) in the presence of catalysts and substantial quantities of hydrogen. Hydrotreating includes desulfurization, removal of substances (e.g., nitrogen compounds) that deactivate catalysts, conversion of olefins to paraffins to reduce gum formation in gasoline, and other processes to upgrade the quality of the fractions.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545
catalytic reforming: A refining process using controlled heat and pressure with catalysts to rearrange certain hydrocarbon molecules, thereby converting paraffinic and naphthenic type hydrocarbons (e.g., low-octane gasoline boiling range fractions) into petrochemical feedstocks and higher octane stocks suitable for blending into finished gasoline. Catalytic reforming is reported in two categories. They are: Low Pressure. A processing unit operating at less than 225 pounds per square inch gauge (PSIG) measured at the outlet separator. High pressure. A processing unit operating at either equal to or greater than 225 pounds per square inch gauge (PSIG) measured at the outlet separator.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545*
caulking: Moldable sealing material around any windows or doors to the outside that (when put into cracks around the frames of windows or doors, or cracks in other stationary parts of a house) reduces the passage of air and moisture. Caulking comes in a tube and is claylike so it can be molded by hand to fit the space being treated. Caulking can be applied either to the inside or to the outside of the home. It includes materials known as "sealants," "putty," and "glazing compounds."
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0314, DOE/EIA-0318*
cbecs: Commerical Buildings Emergency Consumption Survey
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
cdd: See Cooling Degree-Days (CDD).
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
ceiling fan: Fans installed on the ceiling.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H
ceiling insulation: Insulating materials placed between the ceiling and the roof.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314
cells to OEM (non-PV): Cells shipped to non-photovoltaic original equipment manufacturers such as boat manufacturers, car manufacturers, etc.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: CE-63B
cells: Refers to the un-encapsulated semi-conductor components of the module that convert the solar energy to electricity.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: CE-63B
census division (1): A geographic area consisting of several States defined by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The States are grouped into nine divisions and four regions:
Region/Division States
Northeast/New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont
Northeast/Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York and Pennylvania
Midwest/East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio,and and Wisconsin
Midwest/North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, No. Dakota, and So. Dakota
South/South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Flordia, Georgia, Maryland, No. Carolina, So. Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia
South/East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee
South/West South Central: Arkansas, Louisana Oklahoma, and Texas West/Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming West/Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0314*, DOE/EIA-0318, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*, DOE/EIA-0464*
census division (2): The nine geographic divisions of the United States established by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, for statistical analysis. The boundaries of Census divisions coincide with State boundaries. In some cases, the Pacific Division is subdivided into the Pacific Contiguous and Pacific Noncontiguous areas.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0121*, DOE/EIA-0125*, DOE/EIA-0191, DOE/EIA-0226*, DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0540, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
census region: A geographic area defined by the Bureau of the Census, consisting of various States selected according to population size and physical location. The States are grouped into four regions:
1. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
2. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.
3. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
4. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/2*, DOE/EIA-0464*, DOE/EIA-0512, DOE/EIA-0515, DOE/EIA-0552, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0318*
census: The complete enumeration of a population or groups at a point in time with respect to well- defined characteristics: for example, population, production, traffic on particular roads. In some connection the term is associated with the data collected rather than the extent of the collection so that the term sample census has a distinct meaning. The partial enumeration resulting from a failure to cover the whole population, as distinct from a designed sample enquiry, may be referred to as an "incomplete census."
OPI: EI-70
Sources: ISBN0-470-21349-3
central air-conditioning: See Air-Conditioning.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314
central chiller: Any centrally located air-conditioning system that produces chilled water in order to cool air. The chilled water or cold air is then distributed throughout the building, using pipes or air ducts or both. These systems are also commonly known as "chillers," "centrifugal chillers," "reciprocating chillers," or "absorption chillers." Chillers are generally located in or just outside the building they serve. Buildings receiving district chilled water are served by chillers located at central physical plants. (See Cooling, District Chilled Water, Central Physical Plant, and HVAC.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0318
central city: Usually one or more legally incorporated cities within the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) that is significantly large by itself or large relative to the largest city in the MSA. Additional criteria for being classified central city include having at least 75 jobs for each 100 employed residents and having at least 40 percent of the resident workers employed within the city limits. Every MSA has at least one central city, which is usually the largest city. Central cities are commonly regarded as relatively large communities with a denser population and a higher concentration of economic activities than the outlying or suburban areas of the MSA. "Outside Central City" are those parts of the MSA that are not designated as central city. See Metropolitan.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0314*, DOE/EIA-0321/1, DOE/EIA-0321/2, DOE/EIA-0464*
central cooling: Cooling of an entire building with a refrigeration unit to condition the air. Typically central chillers and ductwork are present in the centrally cooled building.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
central physical plant: A plant owned by, and on the grounds of, a multibuilding facility that provides district heating, district cooling, or electricity to other buildings on the same facility. To qualify as a central plant it must provide district heat, district chilled water, or electricity to at least one other building. The central physical plant may be by itself in a separate building or may be located in a building where other activities occur. (See Multibuilding Facility, District Heat, or District Chilled Water.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318*
central warm-air furnace: A type of space-heating equipment where a central combustor or resistance unit--generally using gas, fuel oil, or electricity-- provides warm air through ducts leading to the various rooms. Heat pumps are not included in this category. A forced-air furnace is one in which a fan is used to force the air through the ducts. In a gravity furnace, air is circulated by gravity, relying on the natural flow of warm air up and cold air down; the warm air rises through ducts and the cold air falls through ducts that return it to the furnace to be reheated and this completes the circulation cycle.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*
centralized water heating system: Equipment, to heat and store water for other than space heating purposes, which provides hot water from a single location for distribution throughout a building. A residential-type tank water heater is a good example of a centralized water heater. (See Water-Heating Equipment and Distributed/Point of Use Water Heating System).
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
certificate requirement: The maximum annual volume allowed for sales to resale or direct sale customers under certificate authorizations by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: FERC-15, DOE/EIA-0167*
certificate: A type of permit for public convenience and necessity issued by a utility commission, which authorizes a utility or regulated company to engage in business, construct facilities, provide some services, or abandon service.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0531
cfc: See Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC).
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
cfs: Cubic feet per second.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0455
charge capacity: The input (feed) capacity of the refinery processing facilities.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0109, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0545
chemical operations: All chemical operations.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28
chiller: See Central Chiller.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0318
chlorofluorocarbon: (CFC): Any of various compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and flourine used as refrigerants. CFCs are now thought to be harmful to the earth's atmosphere. (See Central Chiller, Packaged Units, Refrigeration Unit, and Freezer.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
christmas tree: The valves and fittings installed at the top of a gas or oil well to control and direct the flow of well fluids.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206
cid: Cubic Inch Displacement. See Engine Size.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0464
cif (cargo, insurance and freight): CIF refers to cargos for which the seller pays for the transportation and insurance up to the port of destination.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: EIA-856
cif (cost, insurance, freight): (Cost, Insurance, Freight). This term refers to a type of sale in which the buyer of the product agrees to pay a unit price that includes the f.o.b. value of the product at the point of origin plus all costs of insurance and transporation. This type of a transaction differs from a "delivered" purchase, in that the buyer accepts the quantity as determined at the loading port (as certified by the Bill of Lading and Quality Report) rather than pay based on the quantity and quality ascertained at the unloading port. It is similar to the terms of an f.o.b. sale, except that the seller, as a service for which he is compensated, arranges for transportation and insurance.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: DOE/EIA-0208
circuit-mile: The total length in miles of separate circuits regardless of the number of conductors used per circuit.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0531
circuit: A conductor or a system of conductors through which electric current flows.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0226, DOE/EIA-0348/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0348/2
citygate: A point or measuring station at which a distributing gas utility receives gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: EIA-176, EIA-857, DOE/EIA-0035*, DOE/EIA-0130*, DOE/EIA-0131*, DOE/EIA-0384
class A electric utility: An electric utility having annual electric operating revenues of $2.5 million or more. (Use of this term ceased on December 31, 1983.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0384
class B electric utility: An electric utility having annual electric operating revenues of $1.0 million or more but less than $2.5 million. (Use of this term ceased on December 31, 1983.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0384
class rate schedule: An electric rate schedule applicable to one or more specified classes of service, groups of businesses, or customer uses.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0540
classes of service: Customers grouped by similar characteristics in order to be identified for the purpose of setting a common rate for electric service. Usually classified into groups identified as residential, commercial, industrial, and other.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0437(92)/1, DOE/EIA-0437(92)/2, DOE/EIA-0531, DOE/EIA-0540*
climate zone: One of five climatically distinct areas, defined by long-term weather conditions effecting the heating and cooling loads in buildings. The zones were developed from seven distinct climate categories originally identified by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) for the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
The zones were determined according to the 45-
year average (1931-1975) of the annual heating and cooling degree-days (base 65 degrees Fahrenheit). An individual building was assigned to a climate zone according to the 45-
year average annual degree-days for its NOAA Divisions. (See Heating Degree-Days (HDD), Cooling Degree-Days (CDD), and NOAA Division.)
The zones are defined as follows:
EEUD Average Annual Average Annual
AIA Climate Cooling Heating Group Zone Degree-Days Degree-Days
1 1 Less than 2,000 More than 7,000 2 2 Less than 2,000 5,500 to 7,000 3 3 Less than 2,000 4,000 to 5,499 4 4 Less than 2,000 2,000 to 3,999 5 4 Less than 2,000 Less than 2,000
6 5 2,000 or more Less than 2,000 7 5 2,000 or more 2,000 to 3,999
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0246, DOE/EIA-0314*
closed refrigeration unit: Refers to commercial refrigeration/freezer units with doors that close. (See Refrigeration/ Freezer Equipment.)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246
clothes dryer: An appliance that dries laundry through the application of heat and rapid air movement. The hot air used is typically heated by electricity or gas, either natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314
clothes washer: An appliance for automatically cleaning home laundry. It has an opening on its top or its front offering access to the washer tub. An agitator, located within the tub, moves the articles to be cleaned through the wash water. The machine is powered by an electric motor connected to the tub and agitator via a transmission, clutches, and linkages. In front-
loading machines, the articles are moved by a rotating tub rather than an agitator.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-457A/H, DOE/EIA-0314
co control period ("seasons"): The portion of the year in which a CO nonattainment area is prone to high ambient levels of carbon monoxide. This portion of the year is to be specified by the Environmental Protection Agency but is to be not less than 4 months in length.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0202
co nonattainment area: Areas with carbon monoxide design values of 9.5 parts per million or more, generally based on data for 1988 and 1989.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0202
coal (1): A black or brownish-black solid combustible substance formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without access to air. The rank of coal, which includes anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite, is based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, and heating value. Coal rank indicates the progressive alteration, or coalification, from lignite to anthracite. Lignite contains approximately 9 to 17 million Btu per ton. The heat contents of subbituminous and bituminous coal range from 16 to 24 million Btu per ton, and from 19 to 30 million Btu per ton, respectively. Anthracite contains approximately 22 to 28 million Btu per ton.
OPI: EI-40,EI-50, EI-60
Sources: EIA-767, EIA-800, EIA-801, EIA-802, EIA-803, EIA-804, EIA-807, EIA-810, EIA-811, EIA-812, EIA-813, EIA-814, EIA-816, EIA-817, EIA-819A, EIA-819M, EIA-820, EIA-825, DOE/EIA-0035, DOE/EIA-0095*, DOE/EIA-0109*, DOE/EIA-0191*, DOE/EIA-0214, DOE/EIA-0226*, DOE/EIA-0348/1*, DOE/EIA-0384, DOE/EIA-0455*, DOE/EIA-0348/2*
coal (2): Anthracite, Bituminous, Coke, and other forms of coal that are burned.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-871A/F
coal +: A generic term applied to carbonaceous rocks that were formed by the partial or complete decomposition of vegetation. These stratified carbonaceous rocks are either solid or brittle and are highly combustible. Includes lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite, which conform to ASTM Specification D388.
OPI: EI-40,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0246*, DOE/EIA-0314*, DOE/EIA-0318*, DOE/EIA-0321/1*, DOE/EIA-0321/2*, DOE/EIA-0340, DOE/EIA-0376*
coal analysis: Determines the composition and properties of coal so it can be ranked and used most effectively.
Proximate analysis determines, on an as-
received basis, the moisture content, volatile matter (gases released when coal is heated), fixed carbon (solid fuel left after the volatile matter is driven off), and ash (impurities consisting of silica, iron, alumina, and other incombustible matter). The moisture content affects the ease with which coal can be handled and burned. The amount of volatile matter and fixed carbon provides guidelines for determining the intensity of the heat produced. Ash increases the weight of coal, adds to the cost of handling, and can cause problems such as clinkering and slagging in boilers and furnaces.
Ultimate analysis determines the amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Heating value is determined in terms of Btu, both on an as-received basis (including moisture) and on a dry basis.
Agglomerating refers to coal that softens when heated and forms a hard gray coke; this coal is called caking coal. Not all caking coals are coking coals. The agglomerating value is used to differentiate between coal ranks and also is a guide to determine how a particular coal reacts in a furnace.
Agglutinating refers to the binding qualities of a coal. The agglutinating value is an indication of how well a coke made from a particular coal will perform in a blast furnace. It is also called a caking index.
Other tests include the determination of the ash-softening temperature, the ash-fusion temperature (the temperature at which the ash forms clinkers or slag), the free-swelling index (a guide to a coal's coking characteristics), the Gray-King test (which determines the suitability of coal for making coke), and the Hardgrove grindability index (a measure of the ease with which coal can be pulverized). In a petrographic analysis, thin sections of coal or highly polished blocks of coal are studied with a microscope to determine the physical composition, both for scientific purposes and for estimating the rank and coking potential.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
coal bed degasification: This refers to the removal of methane or coal bed gas from a coal mine before or during mining.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
coal bed methane: Methane is generated during coal formation and is contained in the coal microstructure. Typical recovery entails pumping water out of the coal to allow the gas to escape. Methane is the principal component of natural gas. Coal bed methane can be added to natural gas pipelines without any special treatment.
OPI: EI-50,EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064, DOE/EIA-0384*
coal bed: A bed or stratum of coal. Also called a coal seam.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-7A, DOE/EIA-0118*
coal briquets: Anthracite, bituminous, and lignite briquets comprise the secondary solid fuels manufactured from coal by a process in which the coal is partly dried, warmed to expel excess moisture, and then compressed into briquets, usually without the use of a binding substance. In the reduction of briquets to coal equivalent, different conversion factors are applied according to their origin from hard coal, peat, brown coal, or lignite.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0219
coal carbonized: The amount of coal decomposed into solid coke and gaseous products by heating in a coke oven in a limited air supply or in the absence of air.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0121
coal chemicals: Coal-chemicals are obtained from the gases and vapor recovered from the manufacturing of coke. Generally, crude tar, ammonia, crude light oil, and gas are the basic products recovered. They are refined or processed to yield a variety of chemical materials.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
coal coke: A hard, porous product made from baking bituminous coal in ovens at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees F. It is used both as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. (See Coke (Coal).)
OPI: EI-60
Sources: DOE/EIA-0035, DOE/EIA-0214*, DOE/EIA-0376*, DOE/EIA-0384*, DOE/EIA-0512*, DOE/EIA-0515*, DOE/EIA-0552*
coal consumption: The quantity of coal burned for the generation of electric power (in short tons), including fuel used for maintenance of standby service.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-20
coal delivered: Coal which has been delivered from the coal supplier to any site belonging to the electric power company.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: EIA-20
coal face: This is the exposed area from which coal is extracted.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
coal fines: Coal with a maximum particle size usually less than one-sixteenth inch and rarely above one-
eighth inch.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
coal gas: Substitute natural gas produced synthetically by the chemical reduction of coal at a coal gasification facility.
OPI: EI-40
Sources: DOE/EIA-0167
coal gasification: The process of converting coal into gas. The basic process involves crushing coal to a powder, which is then heated in the presence of steam and oxygen to produce a gas. The gas is then refined to reduce sulfur and other impurities. The gas can be used as a fuel or processed further and concentrated into chemical or liquid fuel.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206*
coal grade: This classification refers to coal quality and use.
Briquettes are made from compressed coal dust, with or without a binding agent such as asphalt.
Cleaned coal or prepared coal has been processed to reduce the amount of impurities present and improve the burning characteristics.
Compliance coal is a coal, or a blend of coal, that meets sulfur dioxide emission standards for air quality without the need for flue-gas desulfurization.
Culm and silt are waste materials from preparation plants. In the anthracite region, culm consists of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percent small-sized coal. Silt is a mixture of very fine coal particles (approximately 40 percent) and rock dust that has settled out from waste water from the plants. The terms culm and silt are sometimes used interchangeably and are sometimes called refuse. Culm and silt have a heat value ranging from 8 to 17 million Btu per ton.
Low-sulfur coal generally contains 1 percent or less sulfur by weight. For air quality standards, "low sulfur coal" contains 0.6 pounds or less sulfur per million Btu, which is equivalent to 1.2 pounds of sulfur dioxide per million Btu.
Metallurgical coal (or coking coal) meets the requirements for making coke. It must have a low ash and sulfur content and form a coke that is capable of supporting the charge of iron ore and limestone in a blast furnace. A blend of two or more bituminous coals is usually required to make coke.
Pulverized coal is a coal that has been crushed to a fine dust in a grinding mill. It is blown into the combustion zone of a furnace and burns very rapidly and efficiently.
Slack coal usually refers to bituminous coal one-half inch or smaller in size.
Steam coal refers to coal used in boilers to generate steam to produce electricity or for other purposes. Stoker coal refers to coal that has been crushed to specific sizes (but not powdered) for burning on a grate in automatic firing equipment.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
coal liquefaction: A chemical process that converts coal into clean-burning liquid hydrocarbons, such as synthetic crude oil and methanol.
OPI: EI-60
Sources: EIA-28, DOE/EIA-0206*
coal preparation (cleaning/beneficiation) processes: Dense (heavy) medium processes use a thick solution, usually a mixture of magnetite and water, to separate coal from impurities by gravity separation.
Flotation processes treat fine-sized coal with an oil-based reagent that attracts air bubbles in a liquid medium; the coal floats to the surface as a froth, leaving the refuse below.
Hydraulic processes use currents of water to separate coal from impurities.
Pneumatic processes use currents of air to separate coal from impurities.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0064
coal preparation: The process of sizing and cleaning coal to meet market specifications by removing impurities such as rock, sulfur, etc. It may include crushing, screening or mechanical cleaning.
OPI: EI-50,EI-70
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118*, DOE/EIA-0292
coal producing districts: A classification of coal fields defined in the Bituminous Coal Act of 1937. The districts were originally established to aid in formulating minimum prices of bituminous and subbituminous coal and lignite. Because much statistical information was compiled in terms of these districts, their use for statistical purposes has continued since the abandonment of that legislation in 1943. District 24 was added for the anthracite-producing district in Pennslyvania.
OPI: EI-50,EI-70
Sources: DOE/EIA-0191, DOE/EIA-0292
coal producing regions: A geographic classification of coal-producing States. The States in the Appalachian Region are Alabama, Georgia, Eastern Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The Interior Region States are Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Western Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming are States in the Western Region.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118*, DOE/EIA-0121, DOE/EIA-0125*
coal producing states: The States where mined and/or purchased coal originates, defined as follows:
Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky (Eastern), Kentucky (Western), Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania (anthracite), Pennsylvania (bituminous), Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia (Northern), West Virginia (Southern), and Wyoming.
The following coal-producing States are split in origin of coal, as defined below:
Kentucky, Eastern: All mines located in counties other than the Western Kentucky counties as defined below:
Kentucky, Western: All mines in the following counties in Western Kentucky: Butler, Caldwell, Christian, Crittenden, Daviess, Edmondson, Grayson, Hancock, Henderson, Hopkins, Logan, McLean, Muhlenberg, Ohio, Simpson, Todd, Union, Warren, and Webster.
Pennsylvania (Anthracite): All mines in the following counties: Carbon, Columbia, Dauphin, Lackawanna, Lebanon, Luzerne, Northumberland, Schuylkill, Sullivan, and Susquehanna. All anthracite mines in Bradford County.
Pennsylvania (Bituminous): All mines located in counties other than the Pennsylvania anthracite counties as defined above but including all bituminous mines in Bradford County
West Virginia, Northern: All mines in the following counties (formerly defined as Coal-
Producing Districts 1, 3, & 6): Barbour, Brooke, Braxton, Calhoun, Doddridge, Gilmer, Grant, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Lewis, Marion, Marshall, Mineral, Monongalia, Ohio, Pleasants, Preston, Randolph, Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, Upshur, Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, and Wood.
West Virginia, Southern: All mines in the following counties (formerly defined as Coal-
Producing Districts 7 & 8 ): Boone, Cabell, Clay, Fayette, Greenbrier, Kanawha, Lincoln, Logan, Mason, McDowell, Mercer, Mingo, Monroe, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Putnam, Raleigh, Summers, Wayne, and Wyoming.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0121, DOE/EIA-0125
coal rank +: A classification of coal based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, heating value, and agglomerating character. It is an indication of the progressive alteration, or coalification, from lignite to anthracite. The rank of coal can also be determined by measuring the reflectance of vitrinite, one of the several organic components (macerals) of coal.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0121
coal rank/group: A classification of coal based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, calorific (heating) value, and agglomerating character. Coal is ranked progressively from lignite (least carbonaceous) to anthracite (most carbonaceous). The rank of coal can also be determined by measuring the reflectance of vitrinite, one of several organic components of coal. The lower rank coal can be classified based on heat content. The heat content of the higher rank coals is generally above 14,000 Btu per pound for each coal rank group (except for meta- anthracite, which trends slightly lower), and heat content ranges vary within a relatively narrow range. Because heat content is not a dependable criterion for these higher rank coals, their rank categories are instead described by degree of metamorphism, or "coalification"--a property that is measured by fixed carbon content. Finally, the agglomerating character of bituminous coals is a critical attribute for certain coal consumers, and thus agglomerating character has come to define the distinctions between certain adjacent coal groups. Some high-
volatile C bituminous and subbituminous A coals can be distinguished only on the basis of agglomerating character. Percentages are based on dry mineral-matter-free coal. Volatile matter (not shown) is the complement of fixed carbon; that is, the percentages of fixed carbon and volatile matter sum to 100 percent. As fixed carbon percentage decreases, therefore, volatile matter percentage increases by the same amount.
OPI: EI-50
Sources: DOE/EIA-0118
coal rank: This classification is based on the fixed carbon, volatile matter, and heating value. It is an indication of the progressive alteration, or coalification, from lignite to anthracite. Rank can also be determined by measuring the reflectance of vitrinite, one of the several organic components (macerals) of coal.
Lignite, the lowest rank of coal, is brownish-
black and has a high moisture content, sometimes as high 45percent. It tends to disintegrate when exposed to the weather. The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per ton as received and averages about 14 million Btu per ton. The ignition temperature is approximately 600 degrees Fahrenheit. Lignite is mined in California, Louisiana, Montana, North Dakota, and Texas and is used mainly to generate electricity in power plants that are relatively close to the mines. The term "lignite" is used interchangeably with "brown coal" in other countries. Subbituminous coal, or black lignite, is dull and usually contains 20 to 30 percent moisture. The heat content of subbituminous coal ranges from 16 to 24 million Btu per ton as received and averages about 18 million Btu per ton.
Subbitum